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Short sea shipping, the shortest path to reach further


SSS DEFINITION
For short sea shipping (Short Sea Shipping, SSS) refers to the movement of goods and passengers by sea between ports situated in territory European Union or between those ports and those in countries outside Europe with a coastline in the coastal seas around Europe.
includes shipping both nationally and internationally, and feeder services. The concept also applies to maritime transport between member states of the European Union and other countries bordering the Baltic, Black and Mediterranean.
Since the early 1990's, the European Union institutions have been emphasizing the need to promote the development of the SSS as a complement and alternative to land transport, to reduce the increasing saturation of facilities thereof. Growth SSS is considered, therefore, essential for sustainable development in the EU towards 2010.
However, this concept should be developed with a clear modal. This is not to raise a confrontation between the road and maritime transport, but to promote cooperation between businessmen from both modes so that competition arises between multimodal transport chains.


The port of Barcelona is making a determined bid to boost short sea shipping as a competitive mode of transport for goods. The goal is to become a true center logit and a key link in the chain gear, making short shipping is a tool to increase the competitiveness of firms that export and import their goods through the installation of Catalonia.
The demand for this type of transport has enabled the port to have an increasing number of coastal lines of short sea shipping, which together with a competitive schedule with other Mediterranean ports. The competitiveness of short sea shipping and the investments made by port and shipping facilities to make this as a real alternative to the road is supported by figures of spectacular growth.
higher growth

According to recent data European Commission (EC), released in 2002, short sea shipping has grown by 39% in terms of tonne-kilometers during the last decade, growth comparable to that of the only road that was in 41 %. However, during the second half of the 90's, short sea shipping grew by over land transport by road, with annual increases of 3.5%. These increases have allowed that, currently, the market share of short sea shipping is 42% of the total market for freight transport. At European level, the short sea shipping has meant 68% of the total volume of goods transported. The Mediterranean and the North Sea were the main areas of development of this transport, 34 and 31%, respectively, of the goods. During 2000, the latest data deck EC from the Mediterranean moved 662 million tons through this mode. In Spain, 65% of the transport of short sea shipping is done through the Mediterranean ports, especially with Italy, Algeria and Libya.

The Mediterranean Basin, the greatest potential
In the short sea shipping traffic that is carried across the Mediterranean, Spain accounts for 14% of the total, ranking second, behind Italy, that captures this type of transport with 38% of all goods. In fact, the Mediterranean is the one with greater potential for acquisition of goods from road to short sea shipping. According to a study of the English Association for the Promotion of Short Sea Shipping, the products most likely to be captured by the SSS are hortofrutículas and steel products.
is estimated that next year, the traffic likely to be attracted by the SSS to reach two million tons of goods. Of this total, the Euro-Mediterranean arc will slightly more than half, to 318,000 tons captured on routes with Italy and more than 720,000 tons of routes with France.

Barcelona bids for SSS
In this context, the port of Barcelona, \u200b\u200bwith its geostrategic location and a growing and important hinterland, is developing a range of strategies aimed at increasing the number of lines that perform this type of transport and provide a more flexible shipping and competitive corporate clients. The port has, currently, space docking, loading and unloading dedicated to this means of transport and has become a benchmark for this type of short-haul traffic.
In recent months, have been put into service new short sea shipping lines in the Catalan port. After the success of the pioneer, undertaken by Grande Navi Veloci between Barcelona and Genoa, with exponential growth year after year, Barcelona has been increasing the number of links to other Mediterranean ports and North Africa.
The latest example is the line commissioned in March by Grimaldi Napoli to Civitavecchia (Rome). The line, covered by a mixed-passenger ferry and ro-ro cargo, covers the service between the Catalan port and Italy three times a week and has already established itself as a "sea highway" competitive with the land route. The speed to meet these modern ships engaged in short sea shipping gives them a competitive advantage and not just off the road, but even on the plane.


Cost Savings The benefits of short sea shipping for the environment because it is much less polluting than other major modes of transportation now, is a basic: the costs. According to a study by the English Association for the Promotion of Short Sea Shipping, 70% of the 210 logistics chains were analyzed, the cost savings using the alternative of short sea shipping are above 10%. Added to this is that in 35% of the connections, the total distance traveled is significantly reduced and in 26% of trips, the use of short sea coastal reduce transit time.
However, despite these advantages, the SSS is still perceived by shippers as a means of transport unreliable. They are urging thus increase the reliability of transport within, to respect the day of delivery and cost savings assume opposed to the traditional road.

What to consider in the SSS
When selecting a mode of transport to, companies have to take into account that, despite its advantages, the short shipping is not always the most appropriate. For this reason, the association pointed out six basic requirements to achieve a competitive transport: Select
shipping routes over the 450 miles.
adapt the speed of the vessel to maximize the rotations. Focusing
recruitment goals of traffic in the road when they cover a distance exceeding 1,500 km. Concentrate
shipping services to ensure a greater number of frequencies.
promote interaction with road transport companies from other countries.
Note that the ground operator wants to maintain control of clients.

A matter of community interest
The short sea transport is driven by long-EU executive order to curb the growing saturation of European roads. Although the short sea shipping has the full support of the Commission are still some points to iron out, as the realization of the concept of 'motorways of the sea' or a financial aid policy in line with reality, and that the 75 million euros budgeted by the Marco Polo for the years 2003-2006 are little more than symbolic.


In Marco Polo its White Paper on Transport in the horizon of 2010, the European Commission proposed a series of measures to balance the different modes of transport. One of the measures to achieve this goal is the Marco Polo, which was adopted on July 22, 2003. The objective of this plan is to reduce road congestion and mitigate the harmful effects of the current transport system on the environment through intermodality. To this end, the program financially supports initiatives in the freight and logistics so that the 12,000 million tons per kilometer increase annually provided they are transferred to short sea shipping, rail and inland waterways or a combination of these modes, minimizing road trips.
Between June and July this year, is scheduled to begin negotiations of contracts and, next September, will start the second round of proposals for mid-November, have all the initiatives on the table.
All Community transport companies are invited to participate in this program. Marco Polo replace the PACT, a similar program, but with a narrower scope. Marco Polo is active in all market segments of transportation, not only in combined transport.
The aid will go to the launch of new services that capture traffic so far were made by road. The minimum endowment of 500,000 euros will be provided that the capture of the road project 250 million tons per kilometer. Another aspect to be taken into account is that this grant, awarded up to three years, does not involve a distortion of competition in the market and that the service can be profitable when aid ceases.
addition to direct aid at the beginning of a new service, Marco Polo will also consider two types of action: catalyzing calls, as overcoming structural barriers in the markets, and training and cooperation projects and exchange of know-how.
Administrations may not participate in this program, which is directed solely to private enterprise to undertake cross-border services, excluding leaving national initiatives. Nor may qualify for support of new infrastructure projects, technology or feasibility studies. Editorial


SAC Port Authority of

interest BarcelonaDirecciones The Short Sea Shipping in European Union
English Association for the Promotion of Short Sea Transportation
European Network for the Promotion of Short Sea Shipping
Port Authority of Barcelona Line
Algeria - CNAN
Shipper Line Algeria - Transcoma
Line Rome - Naples Grimaldi Line
Genova - Grandi Navi Veloci

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Transport is a major consumer of energy, which is obtained changing fuels, mainly by combustion engines. In the combustion process generates gaseous emissions (CO2, CO, NOx, SOx, and others like particles) whose harmfulness depends on the source of energy used.

often argued that powered electric vehicles are "clean", like those using hydrogen fuel cells. but in reality, these types of vehicles generate today, the more pollution than internal combustion vehicles.
The reason is that the generation of hydrogen or electricity consumed energy produced in coal-fired steam power plants, ie plants that are used off-peak period.
hydrogen production or storage in batteries introduces losses of around 60% of the electricity produced and, therefore, three times the amount of pollution produced by coal plants.

In general, it is estimated that the use of hydrogen vehicles will increase the amount of carbon and sulfur in the atmosphere (Responsible for global warming and acid rain), but decrease the amount of nitrogen compounds (responsible for the "smog" or "smog"). They do have the advantage (or disadvantage) that allow you to centralize the pollution in one place and make treatment easier (or hiding).

Given the expected depletion of fossil fuels by 2050, global transportation is challenged to fully customize their systems in just under five decades.
is expected that hydrogen vehicles will be cheaper, extrapolating current technologies, which we learn to produce by other than the highly polluting methods used today (natural gas treatment with steam), which generates huge amounts of carbon dioxide, if its use does not further contribute to global warming.

In recent years vehicles have been getting cleaner as a result of stricter environmental regulations and incorporation of improved technologies (catalytic converters, etc..), And, above all, for better fuel efficiency. However, this situation has been more than offset by the increase in both the number of vehicles and the increased annual use of each vehicle, which determines that cities with more than 1,000,000 people have problems of excessive air pollution levels, affecting the health of the population. ENVIRONMENTAL STANDARDS




Develop and implement an EMS standard need not necessarily culminate in certification thereof. But the certification of an EMS is only possible if it has been developed based on the specific requirements of ISO 14001. Certification will
then to demonstrate to interested parties that the organization has successfully implemented and appropriately an EMS in accordance with the reference standard.
For certification EMS is necessary that the system has completed its full cycle, that is, from the development of environmental policy to the management review. It is generally recommended that the system is implemented in the organization and running at least three months before the certification process. During this time records will be generated will create habits and detect weaknesses in the EMS that will require timely corrective actions.
Therefore, they should not wait until the end to generalize the EMS to all staff but to proceed gradually.
Once the project, the selection of the certifier should be done soon. Should talk to auditors and to consider whether the certification meets the needs of the organization, taking into account that the auditor, in addition to competition, should preferably have expertise in the sector.
For your selection, should take into account qualifications, experience in the sector, the independence and objectivity.
The organization is now able to demonstrate compliance with minimum levels, which may be audited and certified, but they are subject to a systematic process of continuous improvement and cyclical. That is, you have to move forward on the spiral of continuous improvement

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COMPUTER SYSTEMS ENVIRONMENTAL ISSUES

1.1. CONCEPT COMPUTERS
Informatics is the study of a computer and its uses. Includes physical and computer hardware (the machine itself with the team working with her, printer, scanner ...) and computer programs and languages, better known as software.


1.2. STRUCTURE OF A COMPUTER SYSTEM
The basic units of a computer are the CPU (Central Processing Unit), memory and drives E / S (Input, Output).
The CPU or processor is the central nervous system. Performs the functions of central control. Takes all operational decisions, logic and computation. Retrieved from memory instructions machine and makes the operations required by these instructions will be running correctly. To this is connected with the units I / S and Memory.
The memory stores instructions and data inputs needed for computer operations and data generated by different applications installed on it (programs).
units E / S transfer information outside of your computer and vice versa.
Although main memory is used for programs and data, generally using a auxiliary devices that can store data and / or programs. Hard disks provide fast storage, reliable and high capacity. Floppy disks are much less previous capacity, and access to information stored on them is slower. Blank floppy disks must be formatted to be usable.


1.3. COMPUTER PLAN
By computerized transport routes are designed so that the total cost of the entire system of routes is minimized.
To carry out a good design of routes, it is necessary to collect information (warehouse location, distance, downtimes for loading and unloading, deadlines and delivery times ...) and take into account a number of conditioning factors such as weight and dimensions of vehicles.
Moreover, for the design of routes is necessary to calculate the distances. Existing methods for this are: Distances
straight: you get the straight line distance between the different clients by applying a correction factor (the distance by road is 20% higher than in a straight line). Roadmap
computer: this is a program designed maps that simulate the state of the road network and store large number of details about the roads and the distances between points, road types (motorway, highway ... ), tolls, traffic lights ...
For the design of transport routes is practically essential computer system, which requires:
Database with information about customers, fleets, demands ... Map
computer.
method of solving the problem of optimization (method of savings, Branch & Bound method, integer programming, dynamic programming).
Finally, the solution must provide at least the following:
Number of vehicles for all routes. Route
assigned to each vehicle.
Order of delivery of each route.
demand of each route.
distance or time cost of each route. Full Set
made routes.


2. TELEMATICS APPLICATIONS IN THE ROAD TRANSPORT SECTOR
2.1. CONCEPT
TELEMATICS Telematics involves an exchange of electronic documents between computers. Using this method requires a change in commercial transactions which for centuries has been dominated in the use of paper and has replaced other media such as email, phone and negotiations in the presence of the parties.
2.2. THE HIRING OF TRANSPORT TELEMATICS MEDIA
The Law Commission of IRU (Union Internationale des Transports Routiers, Geneve) in 1989 initiated a series of works devoted to the use of telematics in the use of international transport services by road these work has completed the development of an IRU Agreement Model Electronic Data Interchange, which was adopted in 1994 and has since been available to carriers and their customers.
IRU model does not imply an exchange of documents, but there are just two computers connected to the telephone network and the message is transmitted from one to another. IRU
This model provides the legal framework needed by road hauliers and their customers to communicate by computer. Companies can adapt this model to each case thus avoiding having to build a separate agreement for each case. IRU
Model Agreement on Exchange of Information Technology is divided into data two parts: the communication protocol and user manual. IRU
The protocol is designed for companies to remove the clauses that are not essential, rather than having to fill gaps, and it contains a large number of optional clauses.
The different options available to contractors in square brackets, the remaining provisions are not mandatory (those that appear in brackets), but should not remove them.
is appropriate for companies that use this protocol to respect their management as far as possible, since one of the principles underlying it is to achieve uniformity among the member countries of the CMR Convention
The user manual is devoted to procedures and technical regulations in the transmission of documents and messages, as the communication protocol.
that companies should use this IRU to agree on security measures to protect them from possible fraud.

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RAILWAY SECTOR PLAN

Railway Sector Plan 2005-2009

The General Interest Railway Network (RFIG): definition, composition and characteristics
Definition


The General Interest Railway Network consists of rail infrastructure essential to ensure a common rail transport throughout the national territory, or whose administration is necessary for the proper functioning of the common transport system, such as those related to international trafficking routes, which link the different regions and their connections and access to major population centers and essential facilities for transport or the economy or national defense.


The General Interest Railway Network consists of all railway infrastructure managed by RENFE, before processing the first of January 2005, or whose administration has been entrusted to ADIF or holding the Port Authority at the ports of general interest . The meter-gauge network managed by FEVE is also part of the RFIG.

Decisions on the inclusion or exclusion of rail infrastructure to / from the RFIG must be approved by the Minister of Development, the report of the affected regions, where justified for reasons of general interest. The Autonomous Communities may request the transfer of infrastructure agreed to exclude from RFIG.

The Council of Ministers proposed by the Minister of Public Works may order the closure of lines or sections of rail infrastructure when the economic performance of their operation is highly deficient.

Specific guidelines for the development of rail policy

Consolidation sector reform and development of new model railway
Promotion of a "central role" of rail corridors
most important contribution to the accessibility of the territory
Establishment a high-performance network designed especially for mixed traffic
Reduced total travel time in the intercity rail
Increasing the share of rail freight in the medium and long distance
Definition of a rail freight network Defining a strategy
for changing the width in the conventional network maintenance level
rail safety
Definition of a comprehensive and preventive maintenance of the railway network plans in
conservation and modernization of the conventional rail network
Definition of large performances in urban areas to improve the integration of rail networks will be completed
local and upgrade its rolling stock. On the institutional side, will promote greater participation in its management of the CCAA and Transport Authorities

Defining a new framework for the development of rail services within Establishing regional
intermediate time horizons for the development of the Plan, through the development of railway sector plans
Highlighting the public property of the closed lines disused
For further information you can see the Specific Guidelines for Development Policy PEIT sector in paragraph 5.2.2

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1. Find photos or graphics on air containers (ULD)
2. Find what commercial airplane models more commonly known, features, loading systems, cargo capacity, pictures etc.

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AIR TRANSPORT AIR EXERCISES EXERCISES

air transport is considered all activity whose purpose is to transport passengers or cargo by aircraft from one place to another. In this category include aircraft, helicopters and balloons.

Air transport is the mode most regulated in the globe, following World War II, most countries in the world signed the Convention in Chicago in 1944 which laid the foundations of air transport regulations.

Air transport is the safest of all modes of transport. Advances in navigation, telecommunications and electronic facilities have allowed the aircraft has progressed beautifully. The first flight plane was made in 1904 by the Wright brothers a hundred years later, the man can go into outer space and visiting other planets with unmanned spacecraft. (See ICAO)

Al develop in the air has the advantage of continuity this extends over land and sea, but is limited by the need for costly infrastructure and more cost effective than other transport .

air transport within the most developed is related to air transport aircraft for its speed, safety and efficiency.

Air transport can have civilian or military. Within the civil field, has developed a business model based on operators providing transport services for passengers or cargo for commercial purposes, commonly referred to as the airline industry, or more specifically, the airline industry.

Most air freight is carried out under the regime of "Knowledge Air" basic document regulating the conditions of carriage of the goods from the carrier is in charge of it until delivery at the designated in their own knowledge.

The basic rules of international journey by air freight, passengers and luggage, is contained in the 1929 Warsaw Convention.

The development of aeronautical technology was necessary to incorporate certain amendments to this Convention, producing three reviews so far: The Hague 1955, Guatemala 1971 and Montreal 1975.

AIR WAY BILL

air Knowledge (also known in English terminology as air way bill), are made in the wording and format by the IATA (International Air Transport Association), a private agency that brings together almost all airlines operating regular flights, based on the agreements established in the Convention Warsaw and subsequent protocols.

Its function is to: 1, Da

prima facie evidence to the contrary, the discharge of the contract of carriage.

2 º Acknowledgement of receipt by the carrier, the merchandise has been delivered for transport.

3 rd letter serves as instructions for handling and care during transportation and delivery, the goods must be dispersed. 4 º Proof

accounting of the amount of freight.

5 ° constitutes a declaration for customs clearance. 6 º

insurance certificate, if the consignor has requested coverage amount appropriated express the insured value.

7 º Trial of receipt of the goods by the consignee. 8 º Da

proof of the data of weight, dimensions and packing of goods, and the number of packages and addresses.

A standardized format support document, the (Shippers Letter of Instructions or SLOI) where all data is entered relating to the goods to the airline or IATA agent complete the final knowledge.

auxiliary Another important document is the (Shippers Declaration for Dangerous Goods), also standardized, which entered all the identification details of the goods in question and and special instructions for handling and transport.

Unlike the Ocean Bill of Lading, Air Knowledge is not the owner of the goods, hence not tradable or transferable, or transferable. It is always nominative. The supply airline, therefore, the goods to the consignee who appears, whether or not the rightful owner of it. Knowledge

Each consists of a set of three originals and at least six copies distributed as follows:

* Original 1: Airline

* Original 2: Recipient

* Original 3: Consignor

* Copy 1: Signature of the consignee when the carrier delivers the goods.

* Copy 2: Destination airport

* Copy 3, 4 and 5: For the successive carriers.

* Copy 6: For the air cargo agent.

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1. Find information about the different types of wagons used in transporting goods.
2. Find businesses that manage the rail, if published rates include them.
3. Find companies which are currently licensed for rail transport in Spain

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RAILWAY RAIL SCHEME NEWS

Renfe international traffic recovers after Volkswagen trains adaptation
14:13 - 12/02/2007
Related

Renfe Bombardier signed an alliance to produce trains (23/01)
Mergers Renfe Bombardier signed an agreement with the joint production Station (22/01)
14% Renfe strengthens its offer of seats on trains Alvia Madrid-Barcelona (17/01)
Economía/AVE.- says its new Renfe AVE train will run on all High-speed lines (15/01)
Renfe applies today increases in the price of AVE trains and long distance (15/01)


Renfe will perform international transport routes of Volkswagen auto parts after adapting the English trains to measures of German container, the company said. Renfe
became in July 1920 of its cars to suit the size of the red box, a container type of German origin with 25 percent more capacity.
The company recovers and one hundred per cent of transport for Volkswagen Navarra plant from Landaben to factories in Germany and Slovakia, who lost for road transport because of the incompatibility of this type of container trains.
The agreement sets out five weekly routes cooperation with DB Cargo, which will transport daily bodywork, racks and other metal components for automobile production.
In one semester, until the end of last year, the company achieved total international transport previously carried out by 40 percent by road and rail traffic has resulted in 6,512 contenedores.EFECOM

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Development Ministry

is the department responsible for managing the entire rail sector. According to Law 39/2003 of 17 December, the Railway Sector, the main responsibility are:

-strategic planning of the railway sector, both infrastructure and supply services management
-general and the regulation of the rail system, especially anything related to security and interoperability of the railway system and the relationships between stakeholders
-defining goals and monitoring the activities of the railway business public entities, ADIF and RENFE, and its funding system

For more information on the responsibilities of the Ministry to see the art. 81 of the Act

Railway Infrastructure Administrator (ADIF)

ADIF was created by Law 39/2003 of 17 December, the Railway Sector. ADIF
The statutes were established in the RD 2395/2004 of 30 December 2004. It began operations on January 1, 2005.

ADIF is a public company, with management autonomy within the limits prescribed by law and is under the Ministry of Development. Has legal personality and full legal capacity to fulfill its goals and its own assets.

Its primary purpose is the management and construction of railway infrastructure. ADIF

manages almost all of the general interest railway network (RFIG). In

currently manages
ADIF
a) on a commercial basis, the new high speed and wide UIC on its balance sheet (Madrid-Sevilla, with the access ramp to Toledo and Madrid-Zaragoza-Lleida, a total of 1,010 km) and
b) under order of the State, the conventional network Iberian gauge (11,780 km), through an agreement to manage the network assets of the State. ADIF

also manager (operation and maintenance) of rail infrastructure mentioned above, is responsible for the construction of new lines on behalf of the State, whether of ownership, financed from its own resources, or state ownership, resources budget. ADIF
built, at present, the Madrid-Valladolid line Madrid-Valladolid-Vitoria-French border, the Lleida-Barcelona and Barcelona-Figueras of the Madrid-Barcelona-French border, the lines of the corridor Madrid- Valencia-Murcia, the Córdoba-Málaga flight corridor Madrid-Andalusia, and Pajares tunnels and Orense-Santiago section of the Northwest Corridor.

For more information on the functions and duties of the ADIF See Art. 21 of the Law


RENFE-Operator RENFE The current was created by Law 39/2003 of 17 November, the Railway Sector, as public company.

Statutes RENFE was established in RD 2396/2004 of 30 December 2004. It began operations on January 1, 2005. RENFE

segregation was created by business unit train service providers and other commercial activities of the previous vertical RU.

RENFE is a public company, with management autonomy within the limits set by law and is under the Ministry of Development. Has legal personality and full legal capacity to fulfill its goals and its own assets.

Its purpose is to provide passenger rail services and other goods and services or complementary activities or related to rail transport. Make also maintenance of rolling stock. RENFE

State will continue to receive compensation for public service obligations for the provision of regional passenger service and commuter. Drives long-distance passenger and high speed are managed on a commercial basis, just as the unit of charge, which alone will be subject to competition from other operators, from 2006.

Other railway companies

Effective January 1, 2006, the European licensed railway undertakings will have free access to our entire network of the State General Interest make rail freight international or domestic. They should, for this, apply the corresponding capacity (slot) to ADIF, following the established procedure.

At the time of the award is made must also be in possession of the safety certificate needed to move, with its rolling stock and staff driving on the route requested.

A January 1, 2006, the Ministry of Development has awarded two new licenses RU (Comsa Rail and Continental Rail) and a candidate for license capacity allocation (Transfesa). Pipeline are two more licenses. These
new railway companies carry on their activities in rail freight. Moreover, these licenses to new companies, has been given to the new license RENFE enabling them to transport passengers and goods in the state railway network.

Railway Regulatory Committee

Railway Regulatory Committee is the governing body of the railway sector. Is a collegiate body attached to the Ministry of Infrastructure and Planning, MF. It consists of a chairman and four members, officials of the higher bodies of the MF, appointed by the Minister, and a secretary appointed by the committee.

The RD2387/2004 set the term of office, removal, incompatibilities and functions of the committee members. The appointment of members was conducted in March and the first founding meeting was held on June 9, 2005.

Objectives, functions and powers:

-Safeguarding the plurality of railway services.
-Ensuring equality for all operators in the market access conditions.
-Ensure that the fees shall comply with the rules and are not discriminatory.
-Resolve conflicts between the ADIF and the railway companies in connection with:
-Grant and use of the safety certificate.
-Application of the criteria of the network statement.
-capacity allocation procedures.
-Amount, structure and application of charges to operators.
-Resolve conflicts between railway companies on actions to pursue discriminatory treatment in access to infrastructure or services.
-interpret the terms of licenses and authorizations for the provision of services of public interest, reporting also in the bidding process.
-Inform and advise the Minister of Public Works and the regional authorities on railway matters, especially those that may affect the development of a competitive rail market.

Exercising the functions of the Regulatory Committee will take place with full respect for the powers attributed to Law 16/1989 bodies competition. Establishing an information and coordination between the Committee and the Office of Fair Competition. Procedure



The Committee will act on its own initiative or at the request of an interested party. Entities who consider themselves wronged by a decision or action will have the maximum period of one month to go to the Committee. Committee resolutions are binding for banks operating in the rail sector, but appealed to the Minister of Public Works. Failure to resolutions will be punished according to Law 39/2003.

-certification ADAF ADAF

, Rail Action Partnership was established in 1980 as a nonprofit entity, in order to defend the interests of the 30 companies involved in the rail sector who founded.

currently ADAF members of more than 50 companies and its main objective is technical standardization and interoperability in the railway sector. ADAF

created in December 1998, ADAF-certification, which is currently registered as a notified body and as such was reported by the English State to the Commission and other de Estados miembros, en el marco de las directivas de interoperabilidad (96/48 –alta velocidad- y 2001/ 16 –ferrocarril convencional-). En el futuro, ADAF - certificación puede llegar a ser el organismo nacional para la certificación de seguridad del material móvil.

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AGENTS RAIL TRANSPORT DANGEROUS GOODS BY RAIL

Ha sido necesaria la colaboración internacional para el desarrollo ordenado del transporte ferroviario en los diferentes aspectos técnicos, de organización, de trificaciones, etc. Sin embargo, esta colaboración internacional no es suficiente para conseguir una única estructura ferroviaria europea.

Actualmente existen sociedades y empresas privadas, nacionales e internacionales, que utilizan la infraestructura rail transport market and operate in specific areas, providing their own operating resources and materials.

The development of international rail transport combines excellent infrastructure and advanced technology, can compete with shipping in some specific goods movements.

esicte In Europe an extensive railway network that facilitates the transport of goods, being regularly used in all countries. However, it should be noted the difference in track width in our country (1.668 m.) and in the rest of European countries (1.445 m) which does not facilitate the normal transit of the source material English to tranport goods.

Due to the difference in gauge between Spain and other European countries, there in our country special wagons with interchangeable axles through a simple mechanical process, adapt to the European gauge.

In most English exports by rail are using these cars because, otherwise, the goods should be subject to change from car to the border, with additional ocstes handling and risk of loss and damage as well as delays delivery.

development occurred in European countries with uniform gauge has been Spain's superior to rail transport, aided by the favorable aspects of this mode of transport.

- International: uniformity in its structure (except in Spain)
- Flexibility: Ability to accept large and small volumes of goods under
door to door services - Security: The means of transport with lower casualty rate.
Like any other means of transport, it is necessary to know the material equeipo and existing under the goods to be transported.

Physical constraints mainly affect the railway transport of goods which by their special measures may exceed the gauges (maximum profile limits the load on the wagon) established internationally. RAIL SERVICES



The Servidio freight train, according to their function or characteristics, is called as follows:
- Regular: those subject to fixed schedules and routes selected
- Optional: Those specifically agreed in time and itinerary with companies or private companies.

caracterísitcas For the goods:
- Trains full: Used by users with large storage space, usually the origin and destination of the goods are special or specific areas with infrastructure own rail, trains can be made either full containers or wagons, as appropriate.

-wagons full: Used by regular or occasional customers, trains are regularly organized to perform the delivery and collection of these units for different seasons.

- Smalls: Used by charging users whose volume does not justify the use of a full load. You can perform the collection and distribution of goods to the user store, and to set deadlines for deliveries.

When unit loads are justifying the use of a full load, it is undisputed that this mode of transport, sctuales the demands of the market is expensive and slow.

This situation, together with road transport, where the truck we face traffic congestion problems and environmental damage, has created the possibility of combining the capacity of rail and insight that has the specific truck routes.

This intermodality, internationally known for the French word ferroutage (combination of fer (iron, rail) and routabe (road)) is creating new expectations for rail transport.

In Spain, RENFE has established its services in two distinct models as
- Business Unit Load
- Combined Business Unit
--- Teco Transport (Container Express Train) ---
Eurotec.

RATES: There are tables

LF, set between the different points of European geography, which are used to calculate the price of railway or traction tranportation.

rail route These rates are based on the following criteria apply:

- full wagon: Price fixed by the car, based on the total weight of the goods being transported and the origin and destination.

- Full Train (Block Train): The total amount of railway transport is negotiated separately at full price by car, and also depending on the origin and destination.

- Intermodal ITU (Intermodal Transport Unit): Price set for loading units (usually containers) from points of origin and destination in different railway terminals, regardless of the goods being transported and based on the following criteria:

a) According to type of container (20, 40)
b) full or empty container
c) According to weight

- Packing: Rates of application per kilogram and with criteria similar to those used in road transport is not normally set delivery schedules as urgent goods normally are transported by truck or plane.

Besides these, there are other three-phase built in range / radius kilometers from the railway stations or termilaes, called rushes, to perform the delivery or collection of goods or containers, providing a full service door to door exporter client / importer.

The companies also have set amounts in local currency of each country to the concepts of loading, unloading and storage of goods at the station or terminal.

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Classification of Dangerous Goods:

1. Explosives
2. Gases: compressed, liquefied or dissolved under pressure
3. Flammable liquids

4.1 Flammable solids 4.2 Substances liable to spontaneous combustion that
4.3 Substances which in contact with water emit flammable gases

5.1 Oxidizing substances 5.2 Organic peroxides
6.1 Poisonous (toxic) substances 6.2 Infectious substances

7. Radioactive materials
8.
Corrosives 9. Miscellaneous dangerous substances, ie any substance that according to experience have shown, or can prove to be dangerous enough in nature to apply the provisions of this Part.

Chips specified for specific identification of composition formulas, instructions on the packaging as well as the different codes assigned to each product:

-A Code:: Number assigned to dangerous goods
- Code IMO: International Maritime Governamental Organitation
- IMDG Code : Internantional Maritime Dangerous Goods.
- EmS Code: Emergency procedure for dangerous goods is required

compliance with the rules set for users and carriers, but also must be the necessary controls by the companies and agencies, during transport and retention of difrerentes products on the dock, warehouses, airports, etc, before and after transport.

Models of dangerous goods declaration, used in international transport, the exporter / importer must properly complete and standardized the eitquetado especially as the product and its hazardous characteristics.

transport of goods classified as IMO 1 (explosives) should not be done through regular channels and regular. These goods are transported under special controls and specific units.

In road transport there goods their hazardous characteristics require special permits to travel.

Moreover, each country may prohibit the passage of certain hazardous products through its territory and admit some of them with specific requirements more or less stringent.

The basic rules for the transport of these products are limited, apart from the internationally set, those own security vehicle that transports, mainly based on the following international standards:

- - Speed \u200b\u200blimit in urban areas 40 Km / h
- "Circular in urban areas only for loading and unloading
- - Limiting the hours of movement in inaugural festivities.

Vehicles must be authorized by the certificate ADR-TCP, which requires him to have shielded wiring, separate battery switch, fire extinguishers etc.

These vehicles must be clearly marked with the so-called panels / plates ADR for the product they carry.

panels
identification panels, orange, located in the front and rear, will consist of two parts, an upper 2 / 3 digit code that identifies the type of danger matter it is transported, and 4 digits lower for the identification of the goods. In the case of transport various goods classified as dangerous and mutually compatible in the same vehicle, the orange panel not indicate any specific number.

Danger labels.
The vehicles engaged in this type of transport, besides the abovementioned panels must carry warning labels for the goods. These labels square with a picture showing the classification of dangerous goods.

Transport of dangerous goods by rail uses the same international product classifications and is based ADR in the European Convention. The bases of operation are similar in all respects to those set for the road.

These goods will be subject to specific regulations of each country which have to run the train (specific local restrictions and prohibitions)

products carried in wagons or tank containers must be properly identified with appropriate labels and panels the classification of potential hazards.

In the different modes of transport, whether domestic or international, there are charges of danger that can be applied in fixed amounts or percentages of the total cost of transport as the criterion of the carrier.

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customs transit MULTIMODAL

In 1982 Spain joined the TIR Convention that regulates the passage customs among contracting countries trensportadas road freight. This is to facilitate and shorten these procedures more flexible to international trade. The TIR

applies to carriage of goods by one or more borders between contracting parties, provided that it is a transport without intermediate loading.
The mechanism is as follows: a carrier must make a journey from their country of origin to another destination segregated from the other two intermediate. This carrier would have to perform procedures at each office, showing their wares and poermisos for import and export, making it difficult transport.
To avoid this, the TIR Convention allows the charges made in certain vehicles or containers to be recorded in an official document. Each time you pass a customs office, the driver submits this document is to show the goods, the customs authorities just checked the seals and allowing vehicle data follow your route. In the office of destination is found that the goods correspond in quantity and quality with the document, compiled the rest of normal procedures in an office but avoid intermediate for customs.

This scheme applies to vehicles transporting goods by road, combination of vehicles or containers sealed. These elements must be passed before a control to verify that they meet the requirements demanded by the agreement. Transportation must also carry the guarantee of an association authorized to give such a guarantee, and documented the so-called "TIR"

In this way, and transported goods are not subject to the payment or deposit of import-export taxes. Customs inspection can be performed in cases of suspected irregularity.

Definitions:
Customs
output: Any office of a Convention country in which it begins to load all or part of it, international transport TIR Customs

destination: Any office of a member country The ending, for the entire load or part thereof, the international transport under the TIR procedure
Customs transit
: Any office of a country that adhered to the import or export a transport vehicle road, a combination of vehicles or container in the course of a TIR operation. TIR

Operation: The transport of goods from a customs office of exit from a member country to a office of destination in another member country under the TIR procedure call that is contained in the agreement.

guarantor Association: An association formed in each member country and authorized by its government to become guardian of the person using the TIR procedure. DOCUMENTATION AND PROCEDURES



The main body of this transport system is the TIR Carnet which consists of many leaves as the number of borders to be crossed. Is issued by the guaranteeing association in each country (in Spain ASTIC)

vehicles, combination of vehicles or container in which the transport takes two plates must bear the inscription TIR, one in the front and one in the psoterior, these vehicles are considered to be temporarily imported and not subject to the payment of any customs duty or other special documentation needed. TIR carnets

extend for one journey only vehicle, although it allows for a set of vehicles and several containers loaded on the same carrier cieculen with the same notebook. In this case, the burden must be specified separately for each item.

shall be a limit to the total customs entry and exit, that should not be more than four. The output should be, generally in the same country, but the destination may be over two countries signed the agreement.

The procedure to be followed in the office is as follows:

The carrier shall present to the customs authorities of the TIR Carnet, those authorities shall verify that the manifest matches what actually transported and place, if everything is in order, Customs seals. Then the customs officer will sign and stamp the consent of the cargo manifest, picking a leaf notebook.

The seals must remain intact throughout the journey, unless each office the appropriate authorities wish to check the charge, in which case placed new ones be removed from the notebook.

In each office of transit check the seals and the notebook, keeping it the corresponding sheet.

Finally, in the office of destination (which may vary during operation) is checked the seals and cargo. In case of compliance, Corresponding entries are made in the notebook and terminating the operation.

RULES OF WARRANTIES:

As we advance, each member of the TIR Convention should be an association that is authorized to issue the books and to ensure the accuracy of their content. The national associations are affiliated to international organismno (IRU, based in Geneva) so that each of them can answer the operations in its territory under cover of TIR carnets issued by the association of another member.

The guarantee is that the guaranteeing association agrees to pay the customs duties are payable uqe during a TIR operation. This warranty extends not only to goods declared in the notebook, but all actually transported. This responsibility begins from the moment when the customs accepts the notebook out, and ends when the customs office of entry in the log notes the completion of the transaction in accordance with no reservations.

CUSTOMS TRANSIT IN THE EUROPEAN UNION

The idea of \u200b\u200bcreation of the European Union is creating a geographical space where they can freely move people, money and things, this involves the virtual disappearance of so-called internal customs (those between member countries). The only control that takes place is just estadísitco character, and is made using the INTRASTAT system. To collect data on trade with third countries (ie non-EU) is used
SAD Single Administrative Document are required to provide data estadísitcos all persons or entities residing in the Union and perform trade operations within the Community.
DOCUMENTATION OF INTERNATIONAL TRANSPORT

The time spent in customs procedures can be an important chapter of the transport overhead. So the countries are working to streamline procedures ESTs with the aim of obtaining economic benefits that are beneficial for all contracting parties. One way to obtain this result is to unify customs procedures, so that they are similar in all countries. By virtue thereof, are widespread formalities for the documentation in customs, in the sense that quoted below:

Documentation of the crew

-Passport or passport and visa where applicable.
-Driving License-Documentation
traffic safety: Book -----
control or tachograph according AETR
----- Tacho, according to EU regulations
-Documentation of effects personal to be declared at customs, usually refers to the purchase invoices.

Documentation relating to vehicle
- Registration Certificate
- ITV
Card - Card
transport - Authorization of Foreign Transport, if any
- Liability

Documentation of the load, exploitation and health

-Certificate
origin - Samples, if requested
- Safe transport of goods
- SOIVRE documentation, quality assurance, plant protection and veterinary
- Thermograph, if transport of food products regulated temperature
- Invoice of goods
- Statement by the customs agent (origin, destination and taxes, if applicable)

Documentation on the contract of carriage

-international consignment note under the CMR
- Other contracts in the case of goods outside the scope
CMR - Special Permits, when needed
- ADR Certificate for Dangerous Goods
- ATP certificate for perishable goods.

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TIR.: DOCUMENTS FIATA INTERNATIONAL LEGAL FRAMEWORK

FIATA DOCUMENT:

FCR Forwarders Certificate of Receipt. FBL
, Knowledge negotiable for Combined Transport.
FCT Forwarders Certificate of Transport.
SDT, Shippers Declaration for Dangerous Goods.
DDC, Declaration of Commitment.


FIATA Documents: the great unknown


a) Approximation
In the same way as international multimodal transport is the great unknown among international transportation, we can also say that your documents (known as FIATA documents) have and also a very low popularity rating.
It goes without saying that the issuance of FIATA borne by freight forwarders, as a true architects of multimodal transport. However, only the associated forwarding FIATA (International Freight Forwarders Association) are authorized to issue FIATA documents. FIATA Freight are a small group among all freight forwarders.

b)
FCR FIATA Documents (Certificate Forwarding Receipt) is the certificate as the forwarder has received the goods in their stores loader to proceed after its transport.
Conducted by the forwarder, he gives it to the charger who, in turn, stays with him or send to the recipient. In any case, whatever its final possession, the FCR can never be negotiated, either by the shipper or the consignee.
FCT (Forwarding Agent cetificated Transport) is the international multimodal transport contract established between the forwarder and the shipper. In his capacity as the contract of carriage, the FCT designated Contracting Parties, the goods to be transported, the transport route and transport prices.

Conducted by the forwarder, he gives it to the shipper, who in turn sends it to the recipient. The FCT can be issued with the clause "to order" (on the order-no more, or order of the recipient) or without the clause "to order" (the carrier-without more-or-nominative indicating the name of the recipient-).

Issued with the clause in order, the FCT is a real title to the goods and, as such, can be negotiated by the possessor.

FBL (Forwarding Agent Bill of Lading) is the international multimodal transport contract established between the forwarder and the shipper, when the main means of transport is the transport by sea. Its operational characteristics match those of the FCT. Delivered to order, can be negotiated by who owns it.

FWR (Forwarding Agent Warrant Receipt) certifies the delivery to the freight of the goods by the shipper, in order that they (the goods) remain deposited in the warehouses of freight. The charger (depositor) delivers its goods to the forwarder (depositary) and the forwarder, in parallel, the charger does get a receipt as the receive to guard them. The FWR, issued the order, can be negotiated by the holder.

TDS (Transport Dangerous Declaration) Declaration made by the freight forwarder in international multimodal transport of dangerous goods. Based on this statement, freight shipper acknowledging receipt of dangerous goods properly stowed for later transport.

This statement (issued by the forwarder and delivered to the charger) frees the exporter from responsibility for what may happen to the goods during transport. In that sense, the freight forwarder assumes all responsibility.

The freight only issue this statement if the goods received from the charger meet all safety requirements of international conventions on the carriage of dangerous goods (IMO-sea-, air-IATA-ADR-land by road-). The SDT can never be negotiated by the holder.

c) Negotiation of FIATA documents
Holders of negotiable FIATA documents (FCT, and FBL FWR issued the order) are able to endorse them (sell them) to third parties or pledged (to get loans, loans or advances, offering them as warranty). In that sense, negotiable FIATA documents, like the B / Ls (bills of lading) are genuine title to the goods. Who owns them, has the goods.

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The international carriage of goods by road have increased their importance from the sixties, reaching a spectacular development in the last decade and, now, still have a growing importance, which determines an increase in security and speed requirements.

The various domestic laws of individual countries had to go through a carrier in the conduct of an international transport were always an obstacle to the security and speed, and the different rules for traffic and road signs, features must meet the vehicles, different customs procedures, etc. made it vital to try to reach a unified standard for the maximum number countries.

This has resulted in international transport, as well as being subject to domestic transport domestic legislation, is also subject to international regulations, which constitutes its legal framework, the latter being formed by the set of agreements, conventions or international treaties which entered into by countries, national laws become once they have been ratified by the parliaments.

The internal regulations applicable to international transport is contained in the ROTT ROTT and has a residual character and respect international conventions so that they take precedence over those in their application.

International agreements are classified as bilateral when both countries signed, and multilateral agreements, if signed more than two. Bilateral


These agreements incorporate the material rules which govern international transport vehicles one of the signatory countries make up inside the other, have a more detailed content than multilateral agreements, although they often assume the frame that fit those, most bilateral agreements are similar as they follow the recommendations of the European Conference of Ministers of Transport (ECMT)
This international organization comprised of all the countries of the European Union (EU), Norway, Switzerland, Turkey and Yugoslavia aims to adopt measures to achieve better use and more rational development of European inland transport international.

Spain has signed bilateral agreements at different levels, with almost all European countries comprising, among others, the following:
- Allowing carriers from one country to perform international transport to or from the territory of another .
- Commitment to impose no technical or tougher fiscal carriers other than to their own country, as well as application exemptions from customs duties on the vehicle fuel tank and spare parts.
- Obligations of carriers and sanctions for noncompliance
- which are deregulated
Transport - Transport that require prior authorization, but the grant is contingent and may be granted without limitation of number.
- Transport that require prior authorization and the grant is subject to a quota. Multilateral

.
Normally, multilateral agreements are the result of international conferences in which representatives of governments of different nations sign a text that contains the agreements who have arrived after the discussion, and is then subject to ratification by parliament of each country.

meetings in the EU and the Economic Commission for Europe (UNECE) UN have gestated most mulilaterales agreements signed by Spain.
Among the agreements that relate, more or less directly, with international freight trnasporte road worthy of mention:

1. Agreements on transport contracts:
international transport contracts is governed by the UNECE Convention (CMR)
This agreement provides the same type of contract freight applies to all international road transport, provided that the countries of origin and destination, or one of them are signatories to the agreement (except postcards, burial and removal)
The consignment note is voluntary, but their conditions are prima facie evidence.
Contractors may choose as a jurisdiction for claims between the defendant's residence or the source or destination of the goods.

2. Agreements on customs procedures.
Trying to simplify customs procedures have been established several conventions, among which the Customs Convention on the International Transport Commodity ECE, 1975, known as the TIR Convention

3.Acuerdo European transport International Maritime Dangerous Goods (ADR)

4.Acuerdo for the International Carriage of Perishable Goods (ATP)

5.Acuerdos on road signs and traffic.
like to emphasize the Vienna Convention of 1968, which standardizes the traffic rules and road signs and signals and road markings have the same meaning, traffic rules are similar, a driver's certificate issued one of the signatory countries can move within the territory of any of the signatories, for vehicles to drive through a country can run on another without modifications, etc. All seeking to achieve that foreign countries can circulate without too much difficulty.

6. Agreements on working conditions for crews.
are the EU Regulation 3820/85 and the ECE European Agreement concerning the work of crews (ERTA) which is in force in Spain since 1976. Within the Union governing the regulation and outside the Union

AETR INTERNATIONAL TRANSPORT OF GOODS

The English companies wish to make international public transport heavy goods must register in advance at the General Register of Carriers, in Subsection Business International Transport of Goods (RETIM)

From 1993 he introduced a unique multilateral authorization or license for the International Carriage to carry between countries of the EU (Community License) will be awarded to any company registered in the RETIM upon request. These licenses are only needed for the international transport of goods in heavy vehicles which travel is not liberalized and that all transport vehicles light and supplementary private transport have been liberalized within the EU
The Community authorization shall be renewed every 5 years. SPECIFIC AUTHORIZATIONS



Depending on their origin, transport specific authorizations interancional fall in bilateral and multilateral bilateral authorizations are

foreign asutorizaciones those whose grant has been awarded to the English government, through the corresponding agreement with the Foreigner State concerned, and that enabled the English to carry out transportation carrier in this state and from that State, or in transit through it. Authorizations are

those authorizations multilateral international organizations of which Spain is a member of which is entrusted to grant him the English government in the rules of those organizations and to enable the English carrier for transportation to and from any of the Member States, or in transit through them.

bilateral authorizations and licenses CEMT can be contingent (subject to a quota determined in the agreement) or non-quota.

may also be also trnasporte:
1 - In Transit permit to cross a country Otmar goods without leaving it to go to a third party.
2 - De triangular transport: those that allow the realization of a trnasporte between two countries using a vehicle registered in a country called Third, the latter must be traversed to perform trnsaporte.

multilateral authorization of the European Union

There is a unique multilateral authorization or license for international transport to make the transport between countries in the EU (Community License) uqe be awarded to any company registered in RETIM upon request. These licenses are only needed for the international transport of goods in heavy vehicles which travel is not liberalized, and we all stransportes light duty vehicles and private transport are complementary within the EU liberalized
The Land Transport Department will issue as many true copies of the Community authorization as the company asked holder to a number of permits equal to the freight transport of such shareholder. Community
The license must be renewed every 5 years
Transport liberalized
not need specific approval for its implementation but only need to be enabled in generically. Are deregulated
- All are made in light vehicles
- all supplementary private
- the medicines and other items needed for emergency relief
- the vehicles damaged in accidents or
- the postal system of public service.

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ROAD SAFETY REQUIREMENTS AND AUTHORIZATIONS TTE

Definitions:

Road transport: Any movement made entirely or partly on roads open to the public of a vehicle, laden or not, used for carrying passengers or goods. Conductor
. Any person who drives the vehicle or who is aboard the same for driving if necessary
Pause. Time during which the driver does not carry out any driving or work that serves exclusively for recuperation.
Other work means any work other than driving, for himself and another employer within or outside the transport sector, such as:
- - Loading or unloading
- - Assistance to passengers
- - Cleaning & Maintenance
- - Tasks that are meant to ensure the security of cargo or passenger
- - Time to comply with legal obligations directly linked to a transport operation.
closing means any uninterrupted period during which a driver may freely dispose of his time.
daily rest period: daily period during which a driver may freely dispose of his time.
daily rest period: A period of at least Alternatively 11 hours uninterrupted rest can replace this pro two periods of at least 3 hours the first and at least 9 hours the second.
reduced daily rest period: a period of at least 9 hours but less than 11 hours.
Weekly Rest Period: Period of time during which a driver may freely dispose of his time.
daily driving time: accumulated driving time between the end of a rest period and the beginning of the following daily rest period or between a daily rest period and weekly rest periods. Driving
team: driving period in which at least two drivers involved in driving is optional during the first hour is present the second driver for the rest of the operation is required the presence of the driver.



tachograph tachograph is a device for monitoring and recording of data on the vehicle and your driving circumstances, such as speed and time.
are required to keep, properly installed and approved, all vehicles used to transport goods or passengers, whether traveling empty and loaded with the following exceptions:
goods vehicles not exceeding 3.5 MT of WFP
Other vehicles used to transport goods (ambulance, emergency, Rescue ....) Carriers
download tachograph data at least every 3 months, and the card drivers at least every 31 days.
tachograph should be reviewed every 2 years.

maximum driving times: Driving
continued: maximum 4 hours 30 minutes of uninterrupted driving, after which the driver shall take an uninterrupted break of at least 45 minutes.
The 45-minute break can be replaced by a break of at least 15 minutes in the 4h.30 plus another of at least 30 minutes each distributed over the driving period. Driving

Daily:
daily driving time shall not than nine hours, the daily driving time may be extended up to 10 hours not more than twice during the week. Driving

weekly / biweekly maximum weekly
Driving: Driving
56 hours biweekly maximum: 90 hours.
driving times between two drivers must have a rest of at least 11 hours, you can reduce that to 9 hours daily rest three times a week, alternatively, the daily rest period may be taken in two tranches, the first of them at least three hours in length and the second of at least 9 hours of uninterrupted

Weekly:
The weekly rest period will 45 hours uninterrupted weekly rest can be reduced to a minimum of 24 hours, but lost hours of rest must be compensated at one time, linking them to a minimum rest period of 9 hours before the end of the third week following . You can not take two consecutive reduced weekly rest

Driving team:
When several workers as a team lead vehicle should take a new daily rest period of at least 9 hours in space of 30 hours after the end of the previous period daily or weekly rest. During the first hour of manning the presence of the second driver is optional but for the remaining period is mandatory.

DEFINITIONS AND TYPES OF WAY
Hwy. Road that is especially designed, constructed and marked as such for the exclusive automobile traffic and has the following Caracteriasticas: Limited access

No other grade crossing railroad tracks or Lienas. Different
roads for each direction of traffic separated by a strip of land.

Highway: Highway without meeting all the requirements of the highways, has separate lanes for each direction of traffic and limited access to adjacent properties.

Faster. Single carriageway road with a total limit Access to adjacent properties.

conventional Roads: Those that do not meet the motorways, freeways and expressways.

The law provides some restrictions on the movement towards certain ways in terms of cargo, dangerous goods transport
.
Forced to travel on highways whenever possible, depending on the itinerary
Circunvalar populations, if they will have to cross a speed of 40 km / h
Transport
Special
is sometimes necessary to carry loads that are indivisible by nature and which exceed the length or statutory maximum weights, in the case of beam transport, construction materials for public works, etc. For these transport special authorization is required, which include limitations on the use of certain roads or sections,
The excess of the permitted weights and dimensions may not be moved by highways unless expressly authorized them. Nor can circulate
highway transport does not exceed the weights and dimensions can not develop a speed exceeding 60 km / h on the flat.
may establish temporary or permanent restrictions for driving on urban roads to vehicles due to the danger of loading the removal advice population centers.

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To exercise the activity of road haulage:

an authorization certificate is required (art. 47.1 of the LOTT)

The Administration granted administrative approval as
The applicant and the vehicle must meet the requirements of the LOTT, ROTT and Order of February 3, 1993
Some transport of goods not need permission

CLASSIFICATION OF ROAD TRANSPORT

classes of vehicles by weight: Heavy

:

"specially equipped motor vehicle for the transport of goods, a permissible maximum weight exceeding 6 tons and a load capacity exceeding 3.5 tonnes. the tractor will be considered heavy vehicles when they have a towing capacity of more than 3.5 tons of cargo "

Light:

" motor vehicle especially adapted for the carriage of goods where authorship maximum weight not exceeding 6 tonnes or even exceeding that weight, has a payload capacity not exceeding 3.5 tonnes "

- Cars equipped for freight
- PMA 3.5 tons <3,5>
- Tractor with tow rating <> TYPES OF FREIGHT FREE TO SEEK AUTHORIZATION:

-
Transport for private-public or private transport made complementary:
vehicles <> REQUIREMENTS FOR AUTHORIZATION FOR THE PUBLIC TRANSPORT OF GOODS (Professional transport)

authorizations to enable to transport a particular vehicle, whose identity must appear on them are not granted permits for trailers or semitrailers.

Requirements:

- be natural or legal person
- English (or bound state to a treaty permitting)
- Be aware of tax payments SS, etc.
- Membership of the SS and the employer contributions for him and his
PUMP - For vehicles must: Have
own wheel Must be registered in Spain

have ITV in force
Have the company they own, use , leasing or hire-drive Regular Bond
500,000 pts for approval (on hold)

also for heavy vehicles:
Vocational Training (certificate is obtained by passing a formal examination on an annual basis in the CCAA) must possess: individual firms the individual holder of the authorization in a collective enterprise cash management
good character, no criminal record and repeated very severe penalties
Affordability: have a minimum capital and reserves. Regime

granted:
The granting of licenses is regulated nature (according to certain requirements) as to be granted unless they are contingencies, all of which meet the requirements (liberalized grant)
are subject to quotas only the authorizations to exercise the discretionary public transport activity of heavy goods and national level, so in this case must submit to the rules of repartee to the annual quota.
Granting is in accordance with the following rules:
Light vehicles and local (100 km around the point of residence) are liberaizadas, vehicles may not be older than 6 years.

Light vehicles nationwide, are liberalized, the applicant must meet one of the following criteria: professional training or other authorizations to hold the same or holder of licenses for local area with a length greater than 4 years, vehicles may be older than 2 years.

heavy vehicles and local level: they are liberalized, the applicant shall meet the requirements of professional training, reputation and financial capacity, the vehicles may not be older than 6 years

national heavy vehicles: the provision is subject to the quota allocation for the entire state that each year the Department determines General Land Transport, as set out in Articles 15 and 17 of the Order of February 3, 1993, the applicant must meet the requirements of professional training, reputation and economic strength, further vehicles may not be older than 2 years.


transport card:
The authorizations are granted by the relevant transport card, no fixed time period, although its validity shall be conditional upon the completion of his visa by the government newspaper.
visa is intended to verify that the conditions justifying the granting and other regulatory conditions.
The card visa at the competent organ of the Autonomous Region every two years within the deadlines set and supporting documents for the continuation of the conditions. Transmission

authorizations: Authorizations
contingencies (public transport heavy vehicles and national) can be transmitted past two years of its concession, with permission from the administration that will be automatic if the holder's death, retirement or disability or legal. Authorizations

liberalized, can be passed if: transmitting all of the company simultaneously or if the buyer meets the requirements.

suspension of authorizations:
The companies can apply if they cease temporarily in transport activity, is granted by the Administration without further ado (removes the card), the period of suspension is for 5 years renewable for another 5 for the which need not endorse the authorizations. At any time you can lift the suspension at the request of the holder. Low

authorizations:
will cause low: being without visa a year after the expiry, termination due to breach of the conditions precedent to the granting or holder's request. The low will be rehabilitated if the owner proves that he could not endorse good cause.

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ROAD VEHICLES YEAR LAND LEGISLATION

ELECTION OF VEHICLE FACTORS TO CONSIDER

prevent accidents, as a businessman, made his commercial work devoted to means of production which seeks to draw the appropriate economic return, for it to be rational and profitable, you must choose those conveniently taking account several factors to make decisions as regards the choice of vehicles these factors may include:

Type of activity: transport of goods, liquid packaging, food etc
Scope: geographic area, more frequent routes, condition of the roads etc. Financing
. Financial costs, economic conditions, equity ...

VEHICLES FOR THE TRANSPORT OF GOODS

Physical Characteristics:

For the general solid transportation vehicles will be used closed box with side firm and secure
For liquids and gases are used tanks and cisterns, If dangerous goods are involved, it must meet specific standards for each product.
For transportation of heavy machinery is the most appropriate use gondola vehicles or platforms, for there are other specialized vehicles known as light, in general, transporter.
If the goods are of high density (low volume and heavy weights) are appropriate open box with sides low rise.

must also take into account the degree of clustering.

bulk goods, as the case may be needed tippers, tilt box, silos or semi-trailers also tilt. Transports
pallets: enables better handling of cargoes and standardized measures are used, the minimum width of the back of a truck is 2.4 (twice the palette)
Transport in containers also allow for better handling, especially in multimodal transport to road transport these items are very useful vehicles whose boxes have hinged gates and reinforced floors and platform trailers with container ship.

For temperature requirements can be used:

insulated vehicles, maintain a constant internal temperature between 15 and 20 degrees, but does not incorporate the production of cold.
Vehicles refrigerators are equipped with cold-producing elements, in addition to the walls with insulation, usually used for transporting foodstuffs. Vehicles
heaters, provided the heat-producing elements to transport bitumen, such as wider use.

For fragile or delicate goods: the walls are padded to ensure the integrity of cargo, a special case are studded for removals.

In case of dangerous goods, each product requires specific conditions contained in the agreement ADR (international) or TCP (national)

are required also other safety-related conditions:

Good driver visibility and comfort of your cabin.
powerful engine, suitable for the load.
braking system enhanced with additional elements, such as emergency brakes and ABS reinforced
cabins to protect the driver in case of rollover.

the technical specs.

mandated by the Traffic Act, Motor vehículso circulation and road safety, a vehicle that is registered in the English territory, must be approved and identified, and have an individualized form which contains technical characteristics.
board must also take the form or ITV card in place and updated.

Registration: Must be enrolled
all vehicles and trailers and semitrailers with a gross of more than 750 kg

Vehicle Registration Certificate:

should include: Tuition
assigned to the vehicle,
Name and address of the holder
brand, category and type of vehicle model or series and number

frame or PMA Sleeps
public or private service which will be dedicated.

The registration involves the payment of tax on motor vehicles and for transfer are required to be aware of your payment. Deadlines

TÜV
Vehicles or combination of vehicles used to transport goods or things, PMA or less
3.5 MT to 2 years, free
2 to 6 years, biennial
6 to 10 years
annual Over 10 years, six months.

Vehicles used to transport goods or things of greater than 3.5 tonnes WFP and independent tractor
to 10 years, annual
Over 10 years, six months.

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ANNUAL WORK As course work must conduct a study on the law applicable to a type of transport. We must locate the original legislation, a brief summary, hang it on the blog and present it in class.,
This work can be done individually or in pairs as long as they have been previously approved by the teacher.
In your blog you will have to hang both the law and the summary you are going to file and serve a written copy, on disc or by e.mail to the teacher.
Since this work takes a significant burden of time I recommend choosing the legislation as soon as the pair work well if you prefer to do it by group and the date on which it shall present (always before the end of the topic.)


Ground transportation: LOTT and ROTT Conventions and regulations governing road and rail transport. LOTT .-.

Law 16/87 of July 30 Land Transport Management and Regulations
.-. ADR European Agreement concerning the international carriage of dangerous goods by road (BOE 163, July 9, 1973) .-.
CMR Convention concerning International Carriage of Goods (BOE 109, May 7, 1974) .-.
CIM International Convention on the carriage of goods by rail, BOE 187, August 6, 1975) .-
. Law 39/2003 of November 17 on the rail sector

Aviation Chicago Convention Warsaw Convention Hague Protocol Air Navigation Act 1960 .-.

International Convention the Unification of Certain Rules Relating to International Carriage by Air, Warsaw and its modification 10/12/1924 The Hague 28 / 9/1955m BOE 163, July 9, 1973

Geneva Convention Multimodal Transport Bill of Lading FIATA combined transport EU legislation
.-. UNCTAD Rules 1991, notebooks Fiata

To ensure that all relevant texts must be submitted text tell the teacher you choose, keep in mind that the dates for oral presentation will be based on the type of law chosen.

The commentary of this exercise you will have to point your name and the selected text to be approved.

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STEVEDORE INFESTATION AND SPRAYING

Swing Stand Blueprints

A pallet, pallet or pallet is a wooden, plastic or other materials used in freight movement and to facilitate the raising and management with small hydraulic cranes, forklift trucks calls allowing the grouping of goods was the first to use the U.S. military to supply troops in Europe during World War II

according to their use may be:
range of services utilization repeatedly (or captive pallet) PALLET
sunk: one-

Depending on their size:
GMA (USA) 48 * 40in
Europalet (EU) 1.20 * o, 8m
MARK II CHEP (Commonwealth) 48 * 40in MARK
CHEP 55 (Commonwealth) 48 * 40in.

Given its importance we will focus on the study of Europalet as is the used in our environment can be obtained by bulking a reduction in rates
Dimensions and technical aspects are regulated by the English standard UNE49900 and the international standard ISO \\ R-445.

most common measures for the pallet platform are as follows (in mm):
800 x 1200 for all consumer products. The European standard Euro pallet or pallet is a specific type of pallet with these measures. This measure was adopted in Europe to the detriment of the American pallet to maximize the dimensions of the boxes of trailers, which have a width of 2400. This measure of pallets can be placed across the width of the box two pallets in one direction or three the other.
1000 x 1200 for liquid products. Sometimes called the American pallet.
600 x 800 used on grocery products
600 x 1000 used less liquid form,
industrialists sometimes have different standards or specific dimensions particularly the chemical industry. Dimension 800 x 1200 is the most widespread in Europe but is also common 1000 x 1200.

pallet is said that a half-made rental 3.9 rotations per year industry and up to 8 rotations distribution. The most widespread system of using a pallet is your rent to a 'pool' which is responsible for pick up at the destinations and making them available again the manufacturer. One of the largest pools is Chep currently has a fleet of 140 million pallets for rent in Europe



Materials wood pallet. represents between 90% and 95% of the pallets. Currently required under international law to treat wood intended for export. The pallet can thus losing its hegemony in the intercontinental transport as there are only two forms of treatment, none of which is easy to apply for high volume:
Applying heat to at least 56 º C temperature for 30 minutes. Spraying
through metal bromide.

plastic pallet. Less presence, as an alternative to the pallet of cardboard on international shipments. Generally, the pallet is chosen by the constancy of their weight and health. Usually intended to niche market industrial logistics sector which is very convenient for automated warehouses. It lasts more than 100 applications which offset long-term high initial cost.

cardboard pallet. Present in the catalogs of the main rubbish, is chosen for its guarantee of hygiene to be a disposable product. Cardboard pallets are single use and are intended mainly to agricultural and food market. Their main problem is that they prevent the stocking outside in the rain be degradable pallet
conglomerate. Made of molded wood conglomerate, has existed for over twenty years but remains the least known model. The pallet conglomerate international transport addresses where the average load is about 200 kilos, not having nails prevents damage to the goods


Palletizing

Action and effect of placing the goods on a paletpara its storage and transport.
pallet load can be done by hand, while not the traditional system. The maximum number of packets that must be manipulated by hand is 25 kg. and is increasingly limited to 15 kg. to adapt to the limitations women and prevent work stoppages by back pain and other ailments. The most common is mechanically manipulated.


mechanical load manipulations


palletized packages to the most basic means of handling the pallet. This is a manually operated instrument with raising the load forks only a few inches, just enough to move it from site. The maximum size between the forks is 120 cm. to 150 cm.
The evolution of the stackers pallet forks which has two fixed and two moving lower. Can be superimposed at least 2 pallets, leaving the fixed to the ground level. Therefore, only the pallet can be used in one direction and not in the lower bar that has since destroyed the pallet.
forklift. The vehicles operated by a driver. They also have front forks which are inserted under the pallet to lift the load. Today, labor is the most widely used system. There are several types of forklift trucks with driver, whose requirements are lower than previous Media, the pins are thinner and laterally adjustable.
automatic palletizer. It is a kind of electric lift pallets are deposited in an automated warehouse niches. Powered trucks with or without driver, automatic palletizer require additional requirements. As the height of the nave is divided by gaps available, the pallets can not be stacked on each other and must go in the slot: height = height of the site (H) - 100 mm. approx. If the store does not have niche platforms, usually resting on 2 pallets whose space bar most common standard is 800, 1,000 or 1,200 mm wheelbase. It is therefore imperative that:
lower plate of the pallet there is even partially reduced the runners
these skates are preferably perpendicular to the bars.
for palletizing and other automated warehouses, the outer sides of the pallet load and tolerances must comply strictly required by the customer.
palletizer machine or stevedore. This is a machine that combines mechanical and electrical componetes in order to place products usually stored in boxes, bags, drums, among others, on a pallet, which can be wood, metal or plastic for the formation of a pallet.
In place of the palette, there are sliding sheets, better known as "slip sheet". These sheets can slide cardboard or plastic. To use these sheets slide, you must install a special device in order to place the forklift pallets one above the other, the device is named "push and pull." The paletizdoras bags of 25 kg can palletizing current from 600 bags per hour, with a palletizing robot (robotic arm) up to 4500 bags per hour, which are generally a bit more complex machines used in the cement industry.



Some considerations must be taken into account some considerations when determining the height and weight of the pallet load:
Some products may be too heavy a burden for small trucks that fall from front to try to raise load. Should therefore limit the weight limiting the number of cells or decrease the height of palletized load.
Similarly, some storage racks support a reduced load per square meter, and should also limit the weight of the load.
Other stores are equipped with lifts or hoist between plants whose height is small and can not support the loads to full height.
We must pay attention to the direction of the runners when the load is introduced with clearance from the pallet and the pallet load can not be more than 2 tickets because of the length of the forks or stability in manipulation. A bad choice of direction required to store riding on 2 batteries, causing a loss of storage space.

height trucks usually lies between 2.5 m. and 2.6 m. and you have to provide about 15 cm. margin to lift the load inside the truck leaving an available useful height of about 2.4 m. We must pay attention to certain special cases:

the old trailers (maximum height about 2.35 m.)
refrigerated trucks (sometimes limited ventilation shafts in 2 m.)
sea containers (they are all different )

accessible height for people to take the packages which are at the top of the palletized load should not exceed 1.8 to 1.9 m.

recommended carry 2 pallets of 1.2 m. an overlapping only 1.8 m. The truck's fill rate is better in spite of the manipulations and additional pallet costs. In addition, the height of the storage facilities of many distributors are equipped with limited shelf-palletizing height of 1.35 m. (Avoid) or 1.2 m. Max.


Some recommendations:

A load that 'about' pallet will have a tendency to wobble or slip during transport, thus increasing the need for resistance to vertical compression packing bearing whose edges are not overlapping to convey the forces.
a load that exceeds the pallet also require greater Packing stacking strength since only a portion of the outer edges contribute to the resistance effort. In addition, directly suffer shocks and frictions that occur in the process. Every package
overlapping or unnecessary evil crossover will also increased their need for stacking strength in inverse proportion to the perimeter bearing left to bear the mass it receives. The main result of poor palletizing by a bad positioning of the packages is the need to oversize packaging resistance which represents an economic loss which adds to the risk of litigation in transport.
prevent cargo pallet overhang it is exposed to the punching of the lower which means less resistance to piling.
A Load Too introduced into the resulting gap between the pallet loads and degrade heel.
must cross layers, above all, otherwise than is produced load instability that opens at the top.
should overlap the boxes on their edges to optimize the load.

CONTAINERS