1.1. CONCEPT COMPUTERS
Informatics is the study of a computer and its uses. Includes physical and computer hardware (the machine itself with the team working with her, printer, scanner ...) and computer programs and languages, better known as software.
1.2. STRUCTURE OF A COMPUTER SYSTEM
The basic units of a computer are the CPU (Central Processing Unit), memory and drives E / S (Input, Output).
The CPU or processor is the central nervous system. Performs the functions of central control. Takes all operational decisions, logic and computation. Retrieved from memory instructions machine and makes the operations required by these instructions will be running correctly. To this is connected with the units I / S and Memory.
The memory stores instructions and data inputs needed for computer operations and data generated by different applications installed on it (programs).
units E / S transfer information outside of your computer and vice versa.
Although main memory is used for programs and data, generally using a auxiliary devices that can store data and / or programs. Hard disks provide fast storage, reliable and high capacity. Floppy disks are much less previous capacity, and access to information stored on them is slower. Blank floppy disks must be formatted to be usable.
1.3. COMPUTER PLAN
By computerized transport routes are designed so that the total cost of the entire system of routes is minimized.
To carry out a good design of routes, it is necessary to collect information (warehouse location, distance, downtimes for loading and unloading, deadlines and delivery times ...) and take into account a number of conditioning factors such as weight and dimensions of vehicles.
Moreover, for the design of routes is necessary to calculate the distances. Existing methods for this are: Distances
straight: you get the straight line distance between the different clients by applying a correction factor (the distance by road is 20% higher than in a straight line). Roadmap
computer: this is a program designed maps that simulate the state of the road network and store large number of details about the roads and the distances between points, road types (motorway, highway ... ), tolls, traffic lights ...
For the design of transport routes is practically essential computer system, which requires:
Database with information about customers, fleets, demands ... Map
computer.
method of solving the problem of optimization (method of savings, Branch & Bound method, integer programming, dynamic programming).
Finally, the solution must provide at least the following:
Number of vehicles for all routes. Route
assigned to each vehicle.
Order of delivery of each route.
demand of each route.
distance or time cost of each route. Full Set
made routes.
2. TELEMATICS APPLICATIONS IN THE ROAD TRANSPORT SECTOR
2.1. CONCEPT
TELEMATICS Telematics involves an exchange of electronic documents between computers. Using this method requires a change in commercial transactions which for centuries has been dominated in the use of paper and has replaced other media such as email, phone and negotiations in the presence of the parties.
2.2. THE HIRING OF TRANSPORT TELEMATICS MEDIA
The Law Commission of IRU (Union Internationale des Transports Routiers, Geneve) in 1989 initiated a series of works devoted to the use of telematics in the use of international transport services by road these work has completed the development of an IRU Agreement Model Electronic Data Interchange, which was adopted in 1994 and has since been available to carriers and their customers.
IRU model does not imply an exchange of documents, but there are just two computers connected to the telephone network and the message is transmitted from one to another. IRU
This model provides the legal framework needed by road hauliers and their customers to communicate by computer. Companies can adapt this model to each case thus avoiding having to build a separate agreement for each case. IRU
Model Agreement on Exchange of Information Technology is divided into data two parts: the communication protocol and user manual. IRU
The protocol is designed for companies to remove the clauses that are not essential, rather than having to fill gaps, and it contains a large number of optional clauses.
The different options available to contractors in square brackets, the remaining provisions are not mandatory (those that appear in brackets), but should not remove them.
is appropriate for companies that use this protocol to respect their management as far as possible, since one of the principles underlying it is to achieve uniformity among the member countries of the CMR Convention
The user manual is devoted to procedures and technical regulations in the transmission of documents and messages, as the communication protocol.
that companies should use this IRU to agree on security measures to protect them from possible fraud.
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