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The international carriage of goods by road have increased their importance from the sixties, reaching a spectacular development in the last decade and, now, still have a growing importance, which determines an increase in security and speed requirements.

The various domestic laws of individual countries had to go through a carrier in the conduct of an international transport were always an obstacle to the security and speed, and the different rules for traffic and road signs, features must meet the vehicles, different customs procedures, etc. made it vital to try to reach a unified standard for the maximum number countries.

This has resulted in international transport, as well as being subject to domestic transport domestic legislation, is also subject to international regulations, which constitutes its legal framework, the latter being formed by the set of agreements, conventions or international treaties which entered into by countries, national laws become once they have been ratified by the parliaments.

The internal regulations applicable to international transport is contained in the ROTT ROTT and has a residual character and respect international conventions so that they take precedence over those in their application.

International agreements are classified as bilateral when both countries signed, and multilateral agreements, if signed more than two. Bilateral


These agreements incorporate the material rules which govern international transport vehicles one of the signatory countries make up inside the other, have a more detailed content than multilateral agreements, although they often assume the frame that fit those, most bilateral agreements are similar as they follow the recommendations of the European Conference of Ministers of Transport (ECMT)
This international organization comprised of all the countries of the European Union (EU), Norway, Switzerland, Turkey and Yugoslavia aims to adopt measures to achieve better use and more rational development of European inland transport international.

Spain has signed bilateral agreements at different levels, with almost all European countries comprising, among others, the following:
- Allowing carriers from one country to perform international transport to or from the territory of another .
- Commitment to impose no technical or tougher fiscal carriers other than to their own country, as well as application exemptions from customs duties on the vehicle fuel tank and spare parts.
- Obligations of carriers and sanctions for noncompliance
- which are deregulated
Transport - Transport that require prior authorization, but the grant is contingent and may be granted without limitation of number.
- Transport that require prior authorization and the grant is subject to a quota. Multilateral

.
Normally, multilateral agreements are the result of international conferences in which representatives of governments of different nations sign a text that contains the agreements who have arrived after the discussion, and is then subject to ratification by parliament of each country.

meetings in the EU and the Economic Commission for Europe (UNECE) UN have gestated most mulilaterales agreements signed by Spain.
Among the agreements that relate, more or less directly, with international freight trnasporte road worthy of mention:

1. Agreements on transport contracts:
international transport contracts is governed by the UNECE Convention (CMR)
This agreement provides the same type of contract freight applies to all international road transport, provided that the countries of origin and destination, or one of them are signatories to the agreement (except postcards, burial and removal)
The consignment note is voluntary, but their conditions are prima facie evidence.
Contractors may choose as a jurisdiction for claims between the defendant's residence or the source or destination of the goods.

2. Agreements on customs procedures.
Trying to simplify customs procedures have been established several conventions, among which the Customs Convention on the International Transport Commodity ECE, 1975, known as the TIR Convention

3.Acuerdo European transport International Maritime Dangerous Goods (ADR)

4.Acuerdo for the International Carriage of Perishable Goods (ATP)

5.Acuerdos on road signs and traffic.
like to emphasize the Vienna Convention of 1968, which standardizes the traffic rules and road signs and signals and road markings have the same meaning, traffic rules are similar, a driver's certificate issued one of the signatory countries can move within the territory of any of the signatories, for vehicles to drive through a country can run on another without modifications, etc. All seeking to achieve that foreign countries can circulate without too much difficulty.

6. Agreements on working conditions for crews.
are the EU Regulation 3820/85 and the ECE European Agreement concerning the work of crews (ERTA) which is in force in Spain since 1976. Within the Union governing the regulation and outside the Union

AETR INTERNATIONAL TRANSPORT OF GOODS

The English companies wish to make international public transport heavy goods must register in advance at the General Register of Carriers, in Subsection Business International Transport of Goods (RETIM)

From 1993 he introduced a unique multilateral authorization or license for the International Carriage to carry between countries of the EU (Community License) will be awarded to any company registered in the RETIM upon request. These licenses are only needed for the international transport of goods in heavy vehicles which travel is not liberalized and that all transport vehicles light and supplementary private transport have been liberalized within the EU
The Community authorization shall be renewed every 5 years. SPECIFIC AUTHORIZATIONS



Depending on their origin, transport specific authorizations interancional fall in bilateral and multilateral bilateral authorizations are

foreign asutorizaciones those whose grant has been awarded to the English government, through the corresponding agreement with the Foreigner State concerned, and that enabled the English to carry out transportation carrier in this state and from that State, or in transit through it. Authorizations are

those authorizations multilateral international organizations of which Spain is a member of which is entrusted to grant him the English government in the rules of those organizations and to enable the English carrier for transportation to and from any of the Member States, or in transit through them.

bilateral authorizations and licenses CEMT can be contingent (subject to a quota determined in the agreement) or non-quota.

may also be also trnasporte:
1 - In Transit permit to cross a country Otmar goods without leaving it to go to a third party.
2 - De triangular transport: those that allow the realization of a trnasporte between two countries using a vehicle registered in a country called Third, the latter must be traversed to perform trnsaporte.

multilateral authorization of the European Union

There is a unique multilateral authorization or license for international transport to make the transport between countries in the EU (Community License) uqe be awarded to any company registered in RETIM upon request. These licenses are only needed for the international transport of goods in heavy vehicles which travel is not liberalized, and we all stransportes light duty vehicles and private transport are complementary within the EU liberalized
The Land Transport Department will issue as many true copies of the Community authorization as the company asked holder to a number of permits equal to the freight transport of such shareholder. Community
The license must be renewed every 5 years
Transport liberalized
not need specific approval for its implementation but only need to be enabled in generically. Are deregulated
- All are made in light vehicles
- all supplementary private
- the medicines and other items needed for emergency relief
- the vehicles damaged in accidents or
- the postal system of public service.

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ROAD SAFETY REQUIREMENTS AND AUTHORIZATIONS TTE

Definitions:

Road transport: Any movement made entirely or partly on roads open to the public of a vehicle, laden or not, used for carrying passengers or goods. Conductor
. Any person who drives the vehicle or who is aboard the same for driving if necessary
Pause. Time during which the driver does not carry out any driving or work that serves exclusively for recuperation.
Other work means any work other than driving, for himself and another employer within or outside the transport sector, such as:
- - Loading or unloading
- - Assistance to passengers
- - Cleaning & Maintenance
- - Tasks that are meant to ensure the security of cargo or passenger
- - Time to comply with legal obligations directly linked to a transport operation.
closing means any uninterrupted period during which a driver may freely dispose of his time.
daily rest period: daily period during which a driver may freely dispose of his time.
daily rest period: A period of at least Alternatively 11 hours uninterrupted rest can replace this pro two periods of at least 3 hours the first and at least 9 hours the second.
reduced daily rest period: a period of at least 9 hours but less than 11 hours.
Weekly Rest Period: Period of time during which a driver may freely dispose of his time.
daily driving time: accumulated driving time between the end of a rest period and the beginning of the following daily rest period or between a daily rest period and weekly rest periods. Driving
team: driving period in which at least two drivers involved in driving is optional during the first hour is present the second driver for the rest of the operation is required the presence of the driver.



tachograph tachograph is a device for monitoring and recording of data on the vehicle and your driving circumstances, such as speed and time.
are required to keep, properly installed and approved, all vehicles used to transport goods or passengers, whether traveling empty and loaded with the following exceptions:
goods vehicles not exceeding 3.5 MT of WFP
Other vehicles used to transport goods (ambulance, emergency, Rescue ....) Carriers
download tachograph data at least every 3 months, and the card drivers at least every 31 days.
tachograph should be reviewed every 2 years.

maximum driving times: Driving
continued: maximum 4 hours 30 minutes of uninterrupted driving, after which the driver shall take an uninterrupted break of at least 45 minutes.
The 45-minute break can be replaced by a break of at least 15 minutes in the 4h.30 plus another of at least 30 minutes each distributed over the driving period. Driving

Daily:
daily driving time shall not than nine hours, the daily driving time may be extended up to 10 hours not more than twice during the week. Driving

weekly / biweekly maximum weekly
Driving: Driving
56 hours biweekly maximum: 90 hours.
driving times between two drivers must have a rest of at least 11 hours, you can reduce that to 9 hours daily rest three times a week, alternatively, the daily rest period may be taken in two tranches, the first of them at least three hours in length and the second of at least 9 hours of uninterrupted

Weekly:
The weekly rest period will 45 hours uninterrupted weekly rest can be reduced to a minimum of 24 hours, but lost hours of rest must be compensated at one time, linking them to a minimum rest period of 9 hours before the end of the third week following . You can not take two consecutive reduced weekly rest

Driving team:
When several workers as a team lead vehicle should take a new daily rest period of at least 9 hours in space of 30 hours after the end of the previous period daily or weekly rest. During the first hour of manning the presence of the second driver is optional but for the remaining period is mandatory.

DEFINITIONS AND TYPES OF WAY
Hwy. Road that is especially designed, constructed and marked as such for the exclusive automobile traffic and has the following Caracteriasticas: Limited access

No other grade crossing railroad tracks or Lienas. Different
roads for each direction of traffic separated by a strip of land.

Highway: Highway without meeting all the requirements of the highways, has separate lanes for each direction of traffic and limited access to adjacent properties.

Faster. Single carriageway road with a total limit Access to adjacent properties.

conventional Roads: Those that do not meet the motorways, freeways and expressways.

The law provides some restrictions on the movement towards certain ways in terms of cargo, dangerous goods transport
.
Forced to travel on highways whenever possible, depending on the itinerary
Circunvalar populations, if they will have to cross a speed of 40 km / h
Transport
Special
is sometimes necessary to carry loads that are indivisible by nature and which exceed the length or statutory maximum weights, in the case of beam transport, construction materials for public works, etc. For these transport special authorization is required, which include limitations on the use of certain roads or sections,
The excess of the permitted weights and dimensions may not be moved by highways unless expressly authorized them. Nor can circulate
highway transport does not exceed the weights and dimensions can not develop a speed exceeding 60 km / h on the flat.
may establish temporary or permanent restrictions for driving on urban roads to vehicles due to the danger of loading the removal advice population centers.

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To exercise the activity of road haulage:

an authorization certificate is required (art. 47.1 of the LOTT)

The Administration granted administrative approval as
The applicant and the vehicle must meet the requirements of the LOTT, ROTT and Order of February 3, 1993
Some transport of goods not need permission

CLASSIFICATION OF ROAD TRANSPORT

classes of vehicles by weight: Heavy

:

"specially equipped motor vehicle for the transport of goods, a permissible maximum weight exceeding 6 tons and a load capacity exceeding 3.5 tonnes. the tractor will be considered heavy vehicles when they have a towing capacity of more than 3.5 tons of cargo "

Light:

" motor vehicle especially adapted for the carriage of goods where authorship maximum weight not exceeding 6 tonnes or even exceeding that weight, has a payload capacity not exceeding 3.5 tonnes "

- Cars equipped for freight
- PMA 3.5 tons <3,5>
- Tractor with tow rating <> TYPES OF FREIGHT FREE TO SEEK AUTHORIZATION:

-
Transport for private-public or private transport made complementary:
vehicles <> REQUIREMENTS FOR AUTHORIZATION FOR THE PUBLIC TRANSPORT OF GOODS (Professional transport)

authorizations to enable to transport a particular vehicle, whose identity must appear on them are not granted permits for trailers or semitrailers.

Requirements:

- be natural or legal person
- English (or bound state to a treaty permitting)
- Be aware of tax payments SS, etc.
- Membership of the SS and the employer contributions for him and his
PUMP - For vehicles must: Have
own wheel Must be registered in Spain

have ITV in force
Have the company they own, use , leasing or hire-drive Regular Bond
500,000 pts for approval (on hold)

also for heavy vehicles:
Vocational Training (certificate is obtained by passing a formal examination on an annual basis in the CCAA) must possess: individual firms the individual holder of the authorization in a collective enterprise cash management
good character, no criminal record and repeated very severe penalties
Affordability: have a minimum capital and reserves. Regime

granted:
The granting of licenses is regulated nature (according to certain requirements) as to be granted unless they are contingencies, all of which meet the requirements (liberalized grant)
are subject to quotas only the authorizations to exercise the discretionary public transport activity of heavy goods and national level, so in this case must submit to the rules of repartee to the annual quota.
Granting is in accordance with the following rules:
Light vehicles and local (100 km around the point of residence) are liberaizadas, vehicles may not be older than 6 years.

Light vehicles nationwide, are liberalized, the applicant must meet one of the following criteria: professional training or other authorizations to hold the same or holder of licenses for local area with a length greater than 4 years, vehicles may be older than 2 years.

heavy vehicles and local level: they are liberalized, the applicant shall meet the requirements of professional training, reputation and financial capacity, the vehicles may not be older than 6 years

national heavy vehicles: the provision is subject to the quota allocation for the entire state that each year the Department determines General Land Transport, as set out in Articles 15 and 17 of the Order of February 3, 1993, the applicant must meet the requirements of professional training, reputation and economic strength, further vehicles may not be older than 2 years.


transport card:
The authorizations are granted by the relevant transport card, no fixed time period, although its validity shall be conditional upon the completion of his visa by the government newspaper.
visa is intended to verify that the conditions justifying the granting and other regulatory conditions.
The card visa at the competent organ of the Autonomous Region every two years within the deadlines set and supporting documents for the continuation of the conditions. Transmission

authorizations: Authorizations
contingencies (public transport heavy vehicles and national) can be transmitted past two years of its concession, with permission from the administration that will be automatic if the holder's death, retirement or disability or legal. Authorizations

liberalized, can be passed if: transmitting all of the company simultaneously or if the buyer meets the requirements.

suspension of authorizations:
The companies can apply if they cease temporarily in transport activity, is granted by the Administration without further ado (removes the card), the period of suspension is for 5 years renewable for another 5 for the which need not endorse the authorizations. At any time you can lift the suspension at the request of the holder. Low

authorizations:
will cause low: being without visa a year after the expiry, termination due to breach of the conditions precedent to the granting or holder's request. The low will be rehabilitated if the owner proves that he could not endorse good cause.

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ROAD VEHICLES YEAR LAND LEGISLATION

ELECTION OF VEHICLE FACTORS TO CONSIDER

prevent accidents, as a businessman, made his commercial work devoted to means of production which seeks to draw the appropriate economic return, for it to be rational and profitable, you must choose those conveniently taking account several factors to make decisions as regards the choice of vehicles these factors may include:

Type of activity: transport of goods, liquid packaging, food etc
Scope: geographic area, more frequent routes, condition of the roads etc. Financing
. Financial costs, economic conditions, equity ...

VEHICLES FOR THE TRANSPORT OF GOODS

Physical Characteristics:

For the general solid transportation vehicles will be used closed box with side firm and secure
For liquids and gases are used tanks and cisterns, If dangerous goods are involved, it must meet specific standards for each product.
For transportation of heavy machinery is the most appropriate use gondola vehicles or platforms, for there are other specialized vehicles known as light, in general, transporter.
If the goods are of high density (low volume and heavy weights) are appropriate open box with sides low rise.

must also take into account the degree of clustering.

bulk goods, as the case may be needed tippers, tilt box, silos or semi-trailers also tilt. Transports
pallets: enables better handling of cargoes and standardized measures are used, the minimum width of the back of a truck is 2.4 (twice the palette)
Transport in containers also allow for better handling, especially in multimodal transport to road transport these items are very useful vehicles whose boxes have hinged gates and reinforced floors and platform trailers with container ship.

For temperature requirements can be used:

insulated vehicles, maintain a constant internal temperature between 15 and 20 degrees, but does not incorporate the production of cold.
Vehicles refrigerators are equipped with cold-producing elements, in addition to the walls with insulation, usually used for transporting foodstuffs. Vehicles
heaters, provided the heat-producing elements to transport bitumen, such as wider use.

For fragile or delicate goods: the walls are padded to ensure the integrity of cargo, a special case are studded for removals.

In case of dangerous goods, each product requires specific conditions contained in the agreement ADR (international) or TCP (national)

are required also other safety-related conditions:

Good driver visibility and comfort of your cabin.
powerful engine, suitable for the load.
braking system enhanced with additional elements, such as emergency brakes and ABS reinforced
cabins to protect the driver in case of rollover.

the technical specs.

mandated by the Traffic Act, Motor vehículso circulation and road safety, a vehicle that is registered in the English territory, must be approved and identified, and have an individualized form which contains technical characteristics.
board must also take the form or ITV card in place and updated.

Registration: Must be enrolled
all vehicles and trailers and semitrailers with a gross of more than 750 kg

Vehicle Registration Certificate:

should include: Tuition
assigned to the vehicle,
Name and address of the holder
brand, category and type of vehicle model or series and number

frame or PMA Sleeps
public or private service which will be dedicated.

The registration involves the payment of tax on motor vehicles and for transfer are required to be aware of your payment. Deadlines

TÜV
Vehicles or combination of vehicles used to transport goods or things, PMA or less
3.5 MT to 2 years, free
2 to 6 years, biennial
6 to 10 years
annual Over 10 years, six months.

Vehicles used to transport goods or things of greater than 3.5 tonnes WFP and independent tractor
to 10 years, annual
Over 10 years, six months.

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ANNUAL WORK As course work must conduct a study on the law applicable to a type of transport. We must locate the original legislation, a brief summary, hang it on the blog and present it in class.,
This work can be done individually or in pairs as long as they have been previously approved by the teacher.
In your blog you will have to hang both the law and the summary you are going to file and serve a written copy, on disc or by e.mail to the teacher.
Since this work takes a significant burden of time I recommend choosing the legislation as soon as the pair work well if you prefer to do it by group and the date on which it shall present (always before the end of the topic.)


Ground transportation: LOTT and ROTT Conventions and regulations governing road and rail transport. LOTT .-.

Law 16/87 of July 30 Land Transport Management and Regulations
.-. ADR European Agreement concerning the international carriage of dangerous goods by road (BOE 163, July 9, 1973) .-.
CMR Convention concerning International Carriage of Goods (BOE 109, May 7, 1974) .-.
CIM International Convention on the carriage of goods by rail, BOE 187, August 6, 1975) .-
. Law 39/2003 of November 17 on the rail sector

Aviation Chicago Convention Warsaw Convention Hague Protocol Air Navigation Act 1960 .-.

International Convention the Unification of Certain Rules Relating to International Carriage by Air, Warsaw and its modification 10/12/1924 The Hague 28 / 9/1955m BOE 163, July 9, 1973

Geneva Convention Multimodal Transport Bill of Lading FIATA combined transport EU legislation
.-. UNCTAD Rules 1991, notebooks Fiata

To ensure that all relevant texts must be submitted text tell the teacher you choose, keep in mind that the dates for oral presentation will be based on the type of law chosen.

The commentary of this exercise you will have to point your name and the selected text to be approved.

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STEVEDORE INFESTATION AND SPRAYING

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A pallet, pallet or pallet is a wooden, plastic or other materials used in freight movement and to facilitate the raising and management with small hydraulic cranes, forklift trucks calls allowing the grouping of goods was the first to use the U.S. military to supply troops in Europe during World War II

according to their use may be:
range of services utilization repeatedly (or captive pallet) PALLET
sunk: one-

Depending on their size:
GMA (USA) 48 * 40in
Europalet (EU) 1.20 * o, 8m
MARK II CHEP (Commonwealth) 48 * 40in MARK
CHEP 55 (Commonwealth) 48 * 40in.

Given its importance we will focus on the study of Europalet as is the used in our environment can be obtained by bulking a reduction in rates
Dimensions and technical aspects are regulated by the English standard UNE49900 and the international standard ISO \\ R-445.

most common measures for the pallet platform are as follows (in mm):
800 x 1200 for all consumer products. The European standard Euro pallet or pallet is a specific type of pallet with these measures. This measure was adopted in Europe to the detriment of the American pallet to maximize the dimensions of the boxes of trailers, which have a width of 2400. This measure of pallets can be placed across the width of the box two pallets in one direction or three the other.
1000 x 1200 for liquid products. Sometimes called the American pallet.
600 x 800 used on grocery products
600 x 1000 used less liquid form,
industrialists sometimes have different standards or specific dimensions particularly the chemical industry. Dimension 800 x 1200 is the most widespread in Europe but is also common 1000 x 1200.

pallet is said that a half-made rental 3.9 rotations per year industry and up to 8 rotations distribution. The most widespread system of using a pallet is your rent to a 'pool' which is responsible for pick up at the destinations and making them available again the manufacturer. One of the largest pools is Chep currently has a fleet of 140 million pallets for rent in Europe



Materials wood pallet. represents between 90% and 95% of the pallets. Currently required under international law to treat wood intended for export. The pallet can thus losing its hegemony in the intercontinental transport as there are only two forms of treatment, none of which is easy to apply for high volume:
Applying heat to at least 56 º C temperature for 30 minutes. Spraying
through metal bromide.

plastic pallet. Less presence, as an alternative to the pallet of cardboard on international shipments. Generally, the pallet is chosen by the constancy of their weight and health. Usually intended to niche market industrial logistics sector which is very convenient for automated warehouses. It lasts more than 100 applications which offset long-term high initial cost.

cardboard pallet. Present in the catalogs of the main rubbish, is chosen for its guarantee of hygiene to be a disposable product. Cardboard pallets are single use and are intended mainly to agricultural and food market. Their main problem is that they prevent the stocking outside in the rain be degradable pallet
conglomerate. Made of molded wood conglomerate, has existed for over twenty years but remains the least known model. The pallet conglomerate international transport addresses where the average load is about 200 kilos, not having nails prevents damage to the goods


Palletizing

Action and effect of placing the goods on a paletpara its storage and transport.
pallet load can be done by hand, while not the traditional system. The maximum number of packets that must be manipulated by hand is 25 kg. and is increasingly limited to 15 kg. to adapt to the limitations women and prevent work stoppages by back pain and other ailments. The most common is mechanically manipulated.


mechanical load manipulations


palletized packages to the most basic means of handling the pallet. This is a manually operated instrument with raising the load forks only a few inches, just enough to move it from site. The maximum size between the forks is 120 cm. to 150 cm.
The evolution of the stackers pallet forks which has two fixed and two moving lower. Can be superimposed at least 2 pallets, leaving the fixed to the ground level. Therefore, only the pallet can be used in one direction and not in the lower bar that has since destroyed the pallet.
forklift. The vehicles operated by a driver. They also have front forks which are inserted under the pallet to lift the load. Today, labor is the most widely used system. There are several types of forklift trucks with driver, whose requirements are lower than previous Media, the pins are thinner and laterally adjustable.
automatic palletizer. It is a kind of electric lift pallets are deposited in an automated warehouse niches. Powered trucks with or without driver, automatic palletizer require additional requirements. As the height of the nave is divided by gaps available, the pallets can not be stacked on each other and must go in the slot: height = height of the site (H) - 100 mm. approx. If the store does not have niche platforms, usually resting on 2 pallets whose space bar most common standard is 800, 1,000 or 1,200 mm wheelbase. It is therefore imperative that:
lower plate of the pallet there is even partially reduced the runners
these skates are preferably perpendicular to the bars.
for palletizing and other automated warehouses, the outer sides of the pallet load and tolerances must comply strictly required by the customer.
palletizer machine or stevedore. This is a machine that combines mechanical and electrical componetes in order to place products usually stored in boxes, bags, drums, among others, on a pallet, which can be wood, metal or plastic for the formation of a pallet.
In place of the palette, there are sliding sheets, better known as "slip sheet". These sheets can slide cardboard or plastic. To use these sheets slide, you must install a special device in order to place the forklift pallets one above the other, the device is named "push and pull." The paletizdoras bags of 25 kg can palletizing current from 600 bags per hour, with a palletizing robot (robotic arm) up to 4500 bags per hour, which are generally a bit more complex machines used in the cement industry.



Some considerations must be taken into account some considerations when determining the height and weight of the pallet load:
Some products may be too heavy a burden for small trucks that fall from front to try to raise load. Should therefore limit the weight limiting the number of cells or decrease the height of palletized load.
Similarly, some storage racks support a reduced load per square meter, and should also limit the weight of the load.
Other stores are equipped with lifts or hoist between plants whose height is small and can not support the loads to full height.
We must pay attention to the direction of the runners when the load is introduced with clearance from the pallet and the pallet load can not be more than 2 tickets because of the length of the forks or stability in manipulation. A bad choice of direction required to store riding on 2 batteries, causing a loss of storage space.

height trucks usually lies between 2.5 m. and 2.6 m. and you have to provide about 15 cm. margin to lift the load inside the truck leaving an available useful height of about 2.4 m. We must pay attention to certain special cases:

the old trailers (maximum height about 2.35 m.)
refrigerated trucks (sometimes limited ventilation shafts in 2 m.)
sea containers (they are all different )

accessible height for people to take the packages which are at the top of the palletized load should not exceed 1.8 to 1.9 m.

recommended carry 2 pallets of 1.2 m. an overlapping only 1.8 m. The truck's fill rate is better in spite of the manipulations and additional pallet costs. In addition, the height of the storage facilities of many distributors are equipped with limited shelf-palletizing height of 1.35 m. (Avoid) or 1.2 m. Max.


Some recommendations:

A load that 'about' pallet will have a tendency to wobble or slip during transport, thus increasing the need for resistance to vertical compression packing bearing whose edges are not overlapping to convey the forces.
a load that exceeds the pallet also require greater Packing stacking strength since only a portion of the outer edges contribute to the resistance effort. In addition, directly suffer shocks and frictions that occur in the process. Every package
overlapping or unnecessary evil crossover will also increased their need for stacking strength in inverse proportion to the perimeter bearing left to bear the mass it receives. The main result of poor palletizing by a bad positioning of the packages is the need to oversize packaging resistance which represents an economic loss which adds to the risk of litigation in transport.
prevent cargo pallet overhang it is exposed to the punching of the lower which means less resistance to piling.
A Load Too introduced into the resulting gap between the pallet loads and degrade heel.
must cross layers, above all, otherwise than is produced load instability that opens at the top.
should overlap the boxes on their edges to optimize the load.

CONTAINERS

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CONTAINERS PALLETS CONTAINER IDENTIFICATION



generally can be 20 or 40 feet
20 ': 6.06 x 2.44 x 2.59 (length, width, height)
40': 12.19 x 2, 44 x 2.59
although there are 10 'and 30' containers
20 'also called TEU (Twenty Equivalent Unit) and 40 'FEU (Forty Equivalent Unit)
and in U.S. ports are typically used as the unit FEU capacity of the vessel or loading and unloading while in Asia and Europe most common measure is the CNT
TEU container unit

also divided into:

FCL (full container load) or full container
LCL (less container load) or bulking

by their shape and property there are different types of container:

or Dry Van Box: These are the standard containers. Sealed and without cooling or ventilation.
Bulk or bulk : closed container with holes in their doors that open to connect hose and dry bulk cargo, are constructed of fiberglass and steel
Open Top: In the same measures as above, but open the top. Can stand the goods, but in this case, pay supplements based on how much power is no longer charged for the excess.
Flat Rack: They also lack the side walls and even, cases, front and rear walls. They are used to pay charges and supplements atypical in the same way that the open top.
Open Side: its main characteristic is that it is open on one side, measuring 20 'or 40' ft.se used for larger loads in length that can not be charged for the container door.
Platform: Platform for transporting heavy machinery and other goods or unusual dimensions
Folding is a type of collapsible container which facilitates transport and storage in
ISO Tank empty or tank-container : a stainless steel tank encased in an outer structure as a container to be stowed with them. Insulated or isothermal
: made with insulating materials
Reefer: Refrigerated containers that have a cold storage system and thermostat. Must be connected to the ship and the terminal, even in the truck if possible
Calorific: is isothermal with a heating system to maintain or increase the temperature of the goods
Igloo: as adapting to transport air.

The maximum load may vary and the type of shipping container. Internationally standardized containers over 20 'have a maximum gross weight of about 29 Tons (ie, the load plus the tare or weight of container and 40' of about 32 Tons. Although, how many times the container moves through land from the loading area to the port, there to abide by the laws of each country on truck weights. The tare weight of the container or can go from 1.8 to 4 Tons Tons for 20 'and 3.2 to 4.8 Tons to 40'.

containers are usually made primarily of corrugated steel, aluminum and there are also some other plywood reinforced with fiberglass. Interior is specially coated anti-moisture, to prevent moisture during the trip.
It is considering the establishment of a series of new measures such as eurocontenedor suitable for European pallets (pallets with an area of \u200b\u200b80 cm wide and 120 cm long), but it is far from being a standard, as container ships are prepared for the containers described above.

All containers are alphanumeric identification to track and prevent loss. These codes are usually four points and seven numbers (the latter separated from the series of 6). Since the initial letters of the shipping company. Example: 150 670 4

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REGISTRATION OF CONTAINERS.

containers have a registration number that identifies the owner and the specific unit
The registration number consists of 4 letters, the latest of which is always a U indicating that the container is approved according to international standards and six digits, is seventh digit is usually used as a control number and box.

CONTAINER CLASSIFICATION NUMBER

containers also usually carry a 4-digit number, which should not be confused with the registration number.
This issue simply that the container has a certain category (eg. A 40-foot container dry)

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LOGISTICS CENTER

The logistics center will coordinate more than 42,000 trucks from Pla-Za
has 5,000 square meters, of which only 850 are for logístico.En Hall January 2009 centralize the current Customs Service Zaragoza. 12/01/2008
SOURCE: The Journal of Aragon , Author: D. LÓPEZ

Photo: Ruben Ruiz

begin next Monday with the arrival of the first shipment (of France), activity in the logistics center and the office of the Expo built Pla-Za, a facility from which to coordinate, as Expoagua forecast to 42,260 trucks and vans that will transport the goods to participants within the precincts of the Expo. Pass before customs control and health in this building, whose construction has cost a million euros.
be two companies, ABX Logistics and Integrated Transport Service, which take charge of managing this service for the 130 wards in the sample of countries, regions, companies and international institutions.
Of this fleet, it is expected that 6,000 of them are used in the period of installation and assembly halls, 920 to move materials expography and 1,840 for removal and re-export to the cities and countries of origin (postexpo). Thus, the most important transit vehicles is expected to last 93 days that the sample (From 14 June to 14 September).
The Chief of Logistics of the Expo, Alfredo Coloma, said yesterday that the building was built in Pla-Za shall in any case, a "crossing point" for the goods received and no storage. Not surprisingly, in the 5,000 square meters which will be the logistics center, only 850 will be the flag logistical and 380 for offices, which in turn will have six distinct areas: security, checkpoint of accreditation, two rooms for logistics operators, the department Expo, Health and Revenue Agency.
Director of Operations and Content Expoagua, Jerónimo Blasco, stressed that it is a system "Agile and comfortable" that will allow participants to competitive pricing, a commitment to the International Exhibitions Bureau (BIE).
also indicated that his creation was "necessary" because the law requires the Customs Regime for the 70 participating EU countries, although "pioneer" because it is the first time makes for an Expo.
This construction, according to Blasco, also responds to a "commitment to Aragon and Zaragoza, as it will have a further utility to the sample. In January 2009, will become the office of Zaragoza, centralizing services and existing staff, now scattered across the airport Transportation and the City. Blasco
also recalled that "the exhibition will be open 17 hours a day, so this system will enter the hall without disturbing visitors, because trucks, all small in size, enter the area known as Internal Services, installed in the basements of the buildings stand.
The operation of the center is simple: reach truck to the building of Pla-Za, be subject to safeguards (on a scanner that checks the underside of the vehicle), validate its accreditation and the documentation of the goods transported and advance to Docks area. There will be two springs for EU countries and two for the extra, palletized shipments pass through a scanner, "a pioneer in Aragon" according to Coloma, and left ready for loading into trucks.
"The permanence of the goods shall not exceed 24 hours," Coloma said, adding that "a 24-ton trailer can be downloaded in one hour." The greater intensity of work is expected for the last week of May and June.